Vertical load

O When cakes tend to crack under vacuum measures such as a fiapper, compression blanket or pressure roll may assist in sealing the cracks thus avoiding loss of vacuum. When such measures are used it is necessary to make sure that the belt supporting system can take these extra vertical loads. 

The twisting rubber hoses or o ringed elbows which connect the rotating pan necks with pipe and the wear plate to the face of the stationary valve The condition of the high impact nozzles mounted on the cloth wash manifold and, for wet cake discharge, the sluicing manifold The support rollers which take the vertical load of the entire machine and the horizontal thrust rolls that maintain the rotating frame concentric The toothed rim and sprocket which drives the pan filter... 

Rollers that support the vertical loads, centering thrust and others that move the rim away from the table in the discharge zone and maintain it under tension. 

The size and proportion of the foundation block must be such that the resultant vertical load due to the compressor, block, and any unbalanced force falls within the base area. 

Applications for structural steel in blast resistant design include beams and columns for the support of vertical loads, braced and rigid frames for the support of vertical and horizontal loads, and specialized elements such as doors, window frames, decking, and protection for duct openings. For lower blast loads, steel siding can be used. 

The above lateral forces were determined from the combination of front and rear wall peak reactions neglecting any difference in time phasing. A more numerically complex approach would have been to determine lateral and vertical loads at each time step, and use the maximum value for foundation design. Such an approach would have resulted in lower toads. 

Friction resistance under the spread footings combined with passive resistance will be used to resist lateral forces, The following lateral forces are computed in terms of load per unit length of wall even though much of the toads will be resisted by individual spread footings. Frictional resistance is a function of vertical loads, not footing width. 

Applied vertical load per unit length of wall,... 

V] = vertical load from resistance of roof members plus slab dead weight = [(0.5 psi 144 m2/ft2) + (0.5 ft siab)(150 pcf)] (50 ft width)... 

This type of construction uses precast concrete walls with steel or concrete frames (Figure 4.2). The frame resists all vertical loads and precast shear walls resist lateral loads. Ductile connections for precast panels are an important consideration. Precast panels are made with embedded steel connection devices attached to the building frame by bolting or welding. The roof is usually a concrete slab on metal deck. The metal deck is attached to steel framing by studs or puddle welds. Tins type of construction can be economically designed to withstand blast loading on the order of 7 to 10 psi (48 to 69 kPa) side-on overpressure. 

Cast-in-place concrete construction (Figures 4.3 and 4.4) is used to resist relatively high blast overpressures where precast concrete is not economical or practical. Horizontal loads are resisted by shear walls. The structure depends on a structural steel or concrete frame to support vertical loads. Thickness of the concrete... 

Masonry, both reinforced and unrein forced, is a common construction material in petrochemical facilities. However, unreinforced masonry is inappropriate in blast resistant design due to its limited strength and its nonductile failure mechanisms. Reinforced masonry walls with independent structural framing for vertical loads arc commonly used in blast resistant design. 

The structure in this example is of Cast-in-Place Concrete Wall Construction as described in Section 4,3.5. Vertical loads are resisted by a structural stcci frame. Lateral loads are resisted by the concrete roof diaphragm and by the side shear walls. 

USE a 3 ft 691 cm) wide footing with a continuous stem wail to 3 ft C9) cmlidcpjh 12.10.4 Vertical Load... 

Fig. F.8. Contact stress and contact deformation. When a sphere (a) is pressed upon a flat surface with a vertical load P, deformation occurs (b). The yield y, the maximum stress o-max, and the diameter of the contact area d were analyzed by Hertz in 1881.

By measuring the force required to shear a bed of powder that is under various vertical loads, a relationship describing the cohesive strength of the powder as a function of the consolidating pressure can be developed (4). This relationship, known as a flow function, FF, can be analyzed to determine the minimum outlet diameters for bins to prevent arching and ratholing. 

Figure 1. Illustration of different material applications requiring different stress-strain behavior. In a and b, vertical load-bearing members are depicted in c and d, a paving material covering a surface weakness is shown.

As shown in Fig. E2.1(b), the effective area of a single particle in a horizontal layer is equivalent to that of an equal-sized triangle with side length of one particle diameter dv. Thus, the vertical loading on a single sphere under the bed height of 1 m is given by... 

Figure 10.2 Deformation of a layer that was formerly of uniform thickness, under a nonuniform vertical load.

The shear cell is filled in a standard manner to produce a powder bed with a constant bulk density. A vertical (normal) force is applied to the powder bed and a horizontal force applied to the moveable ring. As the powder bed moves due to the horizontal shear stress, it will change volume, either expanding or contracting depending on the magnitude of the vertical force. A series of tests are performed to determine the vertical load under which the bed remains at constant volume when sheared, referred to as the critical state. Once the critical state has been determined, a series of identical specimens are prepared, and each is sheared under a different vertical load, with all loads being less than the critical state. 

The ability for a neck to accept a vertical load is shown in Figure 6.8. High stacking strength is a recognised feature with glass. 

Figure 6.8 Neck/shoulder design capable of accepting vertical load of (a) 500 lb/in2, (b) 4,000 lb/in2, (c) 10,000 lb/in2...

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