Tile test methods

Nonflammable indicates that no flash point was observed by the ASTM test method D-3278-82 or D-56 below the boiling point of the solvent mixture or below 100°F, whichever is lower (this is the DOT, ANSI, and NFPA definition). The composition of liquid blends can vary from the originally supplied composition during use, owing to tile differing vapor pressures of the individual constituents. Care must be taken to avoid preferential loss of PFCs, which would result in flammable mixtures. 

As typical representatives for slow heat release appliances a soapstone stove and a tiled stove were used for the tests. The third type of slow heat release appliance was equipped with an integrated heat exchanger to supply hot water for a central heating system. This appliance was chosen to check the feasibility of the new test method in view of the necessary recording of the heat split between heat released to the room and heat released to the central heating system. 

For the tiled stove the direct method resulted in an efficiency of 56.4 %. This in contrast to the indirect one, achieving some 71.7 % efficiency. The reason can be explained as follows The supply of combustion air was closed after completion of the bum cycle (criteria CCh less than 2 vol%), when the heat release still was in progress. The damper in the flue duct thus remained open. This resulted in a substantial heat loss due to leaking air through the flue ducts in the stove. This effect shows the necessity of dampers in the flue duct for efficiency reasons. If there is no air leakage, the results achieved confirm the equivalence of the direct and indirect test methods to determine efficiencies. 

In spite of the practical significance of thermal conductivity, relatively few reliable data are available in the literature. This is because of the difficult and not very precise test methods available as well as the dependence of conductivity on deviations in tile polycrystalline structure, in phase composition and porosity. To provide rough... 

ASTM C 1028-96 Standard test method for determining the static coefficient of friction of ceramic tile and other like surfaces by the horizontal dynamometer pull-meter method was withdrawn in December 2004, with no replacement. The method covered the measurement of static coefficient of friction of ceramic surfaces under both wet and dry conditions while utilizing Neolite heel assemblies. 

ASTM C-67 (1992) Standard Test Method of Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile. °ASTM 902-92 (1992) Standard Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick. 

A 1 s Prop tiles ASTM test method Polyester, thermoplastic (conrdi ... 

Cl 035 give test methods for glazed ceramics, ceramic tile and cookware. C927 is a test for the tip and rim areas of glass tumblers. 

Dillard DA (2005) In Packham DE (ed) Handbook of adhesion, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester EN 12004 2007 Adhesives for tiles. Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification and designation EN 14256 2007 Adhesives for non-structural wood applications — Test method and requirements for resistance to static load... 

Well defined test methods are available in North America and Europe for evaluating ceramic tile adhesives. Test methods used in Germany for emulsion-based mastics are described in DIN EN 1324 (adhesive shear strength) and DIN EN 1346 (correction or adjustment time). Cementbased CTA are tested by DIN EN 1348 (puU of strength) and again DIN EN 1346 (op>en time). Classification is determined for both types of adhesives by prDIN EN 12004. North American test methods and specifications for tile adhesives are described in the following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards ... 

Tile new Pressure Equipment Directive (P.E.D.) established by the European Commission recognize acoustic emission as a complementary method which can be used to monitored pneumatic test when hydraulic test could not be perform. 

Method 2. Mix 1 0 g. of 3 5-dinitrobenzoic acid with 1 5 g. of phosphorus pentachloride in a small, dry test-tube. Warm the mixture gently over a small smoky fiame to start the reaction when the reaction has subsided (but not before), boil for 1-2 minutes or until the solid matter has dissolved. Pour the mixture while still liquid on a dry watch glass (CAUTION the fumes are irritating to the eyes). When the product has solidified, remove the liquid by-product (phosphorus oxychloride) by transferring the pasty mixture to a pad of several thicknesses of filter paper or to a small piece of porous tile. Spread the material until the liquid has been absorbed and the residual solid is dry. Transfer the 3 5 dinitrobenzoyl chloride to a test-tube, add 0-5-1 ml. of the alcohol, and continue as in Method 1. 

The dynamic abrasion method opens broad possibilities of strength estimation of faience lining tiles (Table 8.6, Fig. 8.5). One could reasonably expect that products, for which the hardness of the glazed side is low, lack a developed intermediate layer. This has actually been confirmed in microscope tests. Both the Japanese tile (DK) and the Kenyan tile manufactured on Japanese technology conspicuously lack the intermediate layer. The cited indicative tests provided a basis for employing the dynamic abrasion... 

In testing the abrasiveness of floor finish of man-made materials, special variations of Shore s scleroscope are commonest. For ceramic and rock floor tiles, the commonest testers are Bohme s disc and the Teledyne Abra-der. For sewage and chemical stoneware, the standards now in force recommend abrasiveness tests with the use of a sandblasting jet blower. For technical reasons, a more precise Mackensen blower method for stoneware testing has been in use in Poland for several years. From the experience gained over years, a standard recommending Mackensen s method has been laid down for stoneware abrasiveness tests. Research results proved the usefulness of this method also for other ceramic materials. 

The Lateral Ignition and Flame spread Test (LIFT) apparatus was developed primarily for lateral flame spread measurements. The apparatus, test procedures, and methods for data analysis are described in ASTM E 1321. A sample of 155 x 800 mm is exposed to the radiant heat of a gas-tired panel. The panel measures 280 x 483 mm. The heat flux is not uniform over the specimen, but varies along the long axis as a function of distance from the hot end as shown in Figure 14.6. The flux distribution is an invariant of distance when normalized to the heat flux at the 50 mm position. When methane or natural gas is burnt, the upper limit of the radiant heat flux is 60-65 kW/m2. The lower limit is approximately 10kW/m2 since the porous ceramic tile surface of the panel is only partly covered with flame at lower heat fluxes. 

Method. Place 1 drop of an ethanolic solution of the sample on a filter paper, add 1 drop of the reagent, and dry in a current of warm air. Alternatively, the test may be carried out by adding 1 drop of the reagent to the sample on a white tile. 

Method. Apply the reagent to the sample on a white tile or in a test-tube. 

Method. Apply the reagent to the sample either on a white tile or as a solution in a test-tube. A blank solution should be treated similarly at the same time. 

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