Testing the Precision

The detector response to a racemic mixture of enantiomers is strictly 1 1, since enantiomers cannot be distinguished in an achiral environment. In this regard, a racemic composition obtained by synthesis in an achiral environment represents an ideal equimolar mixture (save for minute statistical differences) which is useful for testing the precision of the integration facilities. 

A similar set of experiments was performed to test our ability to precisely characterize strontium isotopes. For the archaeological chemistry of biological remains, strontium isotopes are useful for testing dietary hypotheses and for examining differences in place of birth and place of residence. To test the precision of strontium isotope ratio measurement using TOF-ICP-MS, we made glass fusion beads using NIST Strontium Carbonate Standard SRM 987 and... 

Replicated environmental samples to test the precision of the sampling or analytical procedures. 

If you are serious about testing the precise quality of a Cannabis sample, they also suggest that you... 

The official control of Pb in milk, which has an ML of 0.020 mg kg-1 thus requires a method with a LoD of 0.004 mg kg-1. This creates problems as very few laboratories can reach such an LoD with an AAS method. In addition, the general requirement of a HORRAT better than 1.5 is generally no problem when it comes to Cd because of the low LoD of the technique for this metal. For Pb, however, it causes problems, since in most collaborative tests the precision for this analyte will be at or above 1.5 HORRAT in one or several matrices. Finally, the requirement of 80-120 percent recovery is not relevant for this type of method. Recovery will be discussed in Section 3.6. 

To test the precision with which 100 xL were pipeted, individually dispensed aliquots were collected into preweighed weigh boats, which... 

Bardsley [28] and Childs and Bardsley [29] have provided a substantial body of mathematical theory to facilitate the categorisation of detailed curve shapes in cases where the data do not fit the linear transformations of Eqn. 4. This approach may be seen as essentially inductive. It is an attempt to set up rigorous procedures for empirical mathematical description of enzymes kinetic behaviour. Such description should in theory define minimum levels of complexity for physical models. Application of this approach will severely test the precision of rate measurements in real cases, and there is a risk that vaUd mechanisms may be ruled out on the basis of apparent subtleties of curve shape that are no more than experimental error. This, however, is certainly no excuse for ignoring genuine non-linearity. 

The reproducibility is presumed to apply to a group of typical laboratories as selected from the population of all laboratories equipped to conduct such testing. The precision results are characteristic of the materials or object cla.ss tested and the time of the testing. Another ITP on other materials or on the same materials at a different time may give different results. The analysis a.ssumes that the system-of-causes that generates repeatability variations as well as reproducibility variations are both de.scribed as random normal populations. Table D1 gives the layout of the data obtained in a typical ITP with n replicates or test results in each cell. For each material or level a one-way ANOVA is performed. 

Isotope substitution is a very effective way to test the precision and accuracy of the potential energy surface. Kopin Liu and Skodje have studied in detail the F + HD - HF + D reaction and proved the existence of reaction resonance phenomenon in this system, experimentally and theoretically [7, 10, 29, 30]. In order to obtain more accurate experimental data, we measured this reaction precisely once again and cooperated with theoretical coworkers Donghui Zhang et al. We obtained potential energy surface with the spectral accuracy, also observed some new phenomena never found before. 

A similar FTEPBRE has been employed by Lvov et al. in a four-way, once-through electrochemical cell (composed of one flow-through reference electrode, one flow-through Pt-H2 electrode, one flow-through YSZ electrode, and a thermocouple). Because the same dependence on the temperature, pressure, flow rate, and solution component of the platinum electrode and YSZ electrode exist, the cell was run at 320°C and 350°C (pressure 23.0 and 24.8MPa) to test the precision and response time of the YSZ electrode as a pH-sensing electrode. 

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