Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores

Furthermore, the standard deviation or of the translocation time distribution is reported (Chen et al. 2004a) to be proportional to the average translocation time. 

In a parallel study (Storm et al. 2005a,b), using different solid-state nanopores, but with comparable pore diameters, the translocation time for 

---

Smeets RMM, Keyset UF, Krapf D, Wu M, Dekker NH, Dekker C (2006) Salt dependence of ion transport and DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores. Nano Lett 6 89-95... 

Sischka, A. Spiering, A. Khaksar, M. Laxa, M. Konig, J. Dietz, K. J. Ansehnetti, D. Dynamic translocation of ligand-complexed DNA through solid-state nanopores with optical tweezers. J Phys Condens Matter 2010, 22, 454121. 

Nanopores are useful for DNA sequencing and electrochemistry characterization. Several groups have demonstrated that the nanopore immersed in microfluidic cell between two chambers can achieve precise and fast DNA sequencing by translocating single-stranded or double-stranded DNA within the electrolyte fluid through the nanopore. Solid-state nanopore is made by transmission electron microscope... 

In addition to the above features of polymer capture, several novel behaviors of polymer molecules have been observed in translocation experiments. As an example, time-resolved fluorescence monitoring (Chen et al. 2004a) of labeled DNA molecules as they translocated through a solid-state nanopore of 15 nm in diameter showed that there is a very large capture region of radius 3 qm in front of the nanopore (Figure 9.2). Far from the pore, the molecules... 

Figure 9.2 Occurrence of a large absorbing region in front of a solid-state nanopore, as seen in time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The arrovY indicates the trajectory of a molecule. As soon as the molecule slowly enters the capture region, it gets rapidly captured, elongated, and translocated through the pore. (From Chen, P. etal.. Nano Lett., 4, 2293, 2004a. With permission.)...

Among the vast amount of experimental data on polymer translocation reported in the literature, we have selected only a few to emphasize the richness of the process and to recognize the most basic aspects that are common to all examples of this phenomenon. As described below, the experimental results are organized in terms of translocation processes through (a) a-hemolysin (aHL) protein pores, (b) solid-state nanopores, and (c) shallow channels. 

Storm, A.J., Storm, C., Chen, J., Zandbergen, H., Joanny, J.F., and Dekker, C., 2005b. Fast DNA translocation through a solid-state nanopore. Nano Lett., 5, 1193-1197. 

Fig. 1 Schematic setup of a typical solid-state nanopore sensor. A) Cross-sectional view of the chip device with silicon-based core and silicon nitride top and bottom layers (thickness Z, 100 nm or less). A bias is applied between the two electrolyte-filled reservoirs (here KQ), inducing an ion current. The current I passing through the pore causes a potential drop A

---