Throat lozenge

Menthol, also known as peppermint oil, is used widely in toothpastes, mouthwashes, gum, sore-throat lozenges, lip balms, and nasal decongestants. For topical analgesic use, it is available in creams, lotions, ointment, and patches. The patches can be trimmed to fit the affected area. 

Patients suffering from influenza should get adequate sleep and maintain a low level of activity. They should stay home from work and/or school in order to rest and prevent the spread of infection. Appropriate fluid intake should be maintained. Cough/throat lozenges, warm tea, or soup may help with symptom control (cough, sore throat). 

Phenol can have beneficial effects when used for medical reasons. It is an antiseptic (kills germs) when applied to the skin in small amounts and may have antiseptic properties when gargled as a mouthwash. It is an anesthetic (relieves pain) and is a component of certain sore-throat lozenges and throat sprays or gargles. Small amounts of phenol in water have been injected into nerve tissue to lessen pain associated with certain nerve disorders. Phenol destroys the outer layers of skin if allowed to remain in contact with skin, and small amounts of... 

Human exposure to low levels of phenol is widespread because it is contained in many consumer products including mouthwashes, gargles, tooth drops, throat lozenges, and ointments (Douglas 1972 EPA 1980). Phenol is a normal product of protein metabolism, and it is also a metabolite of benzene. In persons not exposed to phenol or benzene, the total phenol concentration in the urine generally does not exceed 20 mg/L and is usually <10 mg/L (ACGIH 1991). 

Oral, dermal, and combined oral-dermal exposures are the most likely routes by which children will be exposed to phenol. Oral exposure to low levels of phenol among children is likely because many consumer products contain phenol, particularly in medicines such as gargles, tooth drops, throat lozenges, ointments, and others (Douglas 1972 EPA 1980). Products other than medicines that contain phenols include general disinfectants, cleaners, and epoxies. 

Phenol is toxic to bacteria and fungi, and it is used as a slimicide and disinfectant. Because of its anesthetic effects, phenol is used in medicines such as ointments, ear and nose drops, cold sore lotions, throat lozenges and sprays (such as those sold under die Cepastat and Chloraseptic labels), and antiseptic lotions (EPA, 2002). 

Local anesthetics (usually benzocaine) Antitussives/Lozenges Cepacol Instant Relief Sore Throat Lozenges Chloraseptic Sore Throat Sucrets Sucrets Complete... 

Anbesol , Cetacaine , Chlorasceptic Lozenges , Ayds , Lanacane , Solarcaine , Vicks Throat Lozenges )... 

Various anecdotal accounts are given of incendiary mishaps consequent upon former use of chlorate throat lozenges [5]. 

Lozenges These are compressed tablets formulated, without a disintegrant and must be allowed to dissolve in the mouth. They are used for local activity (throat lozenges) or for systemic effect (vitamins). Effervescent tablets These tablets undergo quick dissolution of actives in water due to internal liberation of carbon dioxide. By combining alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates with tartaric or citric acid, carbon dioxide is liberated when placed in water. 

Grenby, T.H. Dental properties of antiseptic throat lozenges formulated with sugars or lycasin. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 1995, 20 (4), 235-241. 

Benzocaine is a poorly soluble local anesthetic, an ester of para-aminobenzoic acid. It is used in many countries as a component of some free-sale formulations for topical use, for example in skin creams, as a dry powder for skin ulcers, as throat lozenges, and as teething formulations for young children. It is also used in aerosol sprays when anesthetizing the oropharynx. Relatively high concentrations of local anesthetic are required to be effective topically, increasing tissue penetration and the risk of subsequent toxicity. Benzocaine formulations are available in concentrations of 1-20%. 

The cetyl derivative is the most active of a series of alkvf pyridinium eompound.s. It is used a.s a general antiseptic In concentrations of 1 100 to 1 1.000 for intact skin. l l.(Klii for minor lacerations, and 1.2.000 to I 10.000 fur the iniga-tion of mucous membranes. Cetylpyridinium chloride isalw available in the form of throat lozenges and a mouthwasli at a 1 20.000 dilution. 

Dequadin dequalinium chloride, dequalinium chloride [ban. inn] (natrallnlum chloride Dequadin Labosept ) is a bisquaternary quinolinium ANTISEPTIC, with some ANTIFUNGAL and ANTIBACTERIAL activity. Clinically, it may be used topically, commonly as throat lozenges. 

Some products are formulated as aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic liquids or gels. They tend to be diluted fairly rapidly and washed away from the site of application by saliva, requiring frequent reapplication. Pastilles or sore-throat lozenges containing a local anaesthetic, placed close up against lesions and allowed to dissolve slowly, may produce a more prolonged effect. 

Sore throat treatments contain demulcents, antibacterials and local anaesthetics, and many products contain combinations of these. One sore throat lozenge contains flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug... 

The main disadvantage of most demulcent throat lozenges and pastilles is their high sugar content. 

The antibacterial compounds used in sore-throat lozenges are unlikely to be effective against the rhinoviruses that are largely responsible for the common cold. A sore throat complicated by a secondary bacterial infection, such as tonsillitis, would normally be treated with a systemic antibiotic. 

Benzocaine is the only local anaesthetic included in sore-throat lozenges benzocaine and lidocaine are used in sore-throat sprays. A local anaesthetic may be helpful if swallowing is uncomfortable. 

Merck s first venture into market-related new products appeared in the 1950s with the attempt to use its R D capabilities to produce silicon for semiconductors. The lesson learned from this initial move was quick and sharp. As recalled by Henry W. Gadsen, the company s CEO at the time, Our silicon did not sell. It was a disaster, but we learned from it. Merck closed down the operation in 1963. In the next year, it cautiously effected a more closely related entrance into over-the-counter markets with the production of Sucrets, a throat lozenge that had been developed in its laboratories. 

A throat lozenge contains 5.0 mg of menthol, which has the formula C10H20O. 

A common throat lozenge contains 29 mg of phenol, C6H5OH. 

In plants, terpenes are typically found as a component of the essential oils. The name of this fluid suggests an important characteristic of this class of molecules. If humans have found these oils important enough to refer to them as essential, there is a reasonable chance that they have useful properties. Many terpenes such as menthol (shown in Figure 1) and camphor have medicinal values. You may have used a throat lozenge with menthol to help clear your sinuses the last time you had a cold. 

Dyclonine hydrochloride (dyclone) has a rapid onset of action and duration of effect comparable to that of procaine. It is absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. Marketing of dyclonine solutions for clinical use has been discontinued in the U.S. Dyclonine is an active ingredient of OTC medications including sore throat lozenges (sucrets, others), a gel for cold sores (tanac), and a 0.75% solution (skin shield) to protect against contact dermatitis. 

The cooling sensation makes menthol a desirable additive to aftershave lotions, skin cleansers, lotions, sore throat lozenges, and lip halms. Menthol is also used in a variety of cosmetics applied to the skin and medications for the relief of itching. It is also added to foods such as chewing gums and candies to impart a mint-like flavor. 

MAJOR USES Used in the production of resins, ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, mouthwashes, pharmaceuticals, dyes and organic compounds. 

---