Three-Dimensional 3-D integration

3-D ICs can be dated back to as early as 1980s (e.g., [7,8]) and has been followed by many recent developments. Fabrication technologies for the 3-D integration can be classified into two categories silicon re-growth and wafer bonding. 

Under the context of wafer bonding (e.g., [14-28]), wafers can be built with 

Research Group Stacking Style Bonding Interface1 Inter-chip Contact  

Tohoku Univ.[17 18] Face-to-face or face-to-back Adhesive 1 3x3 30 

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K. W. Guarini, et al.. Electrical integrity of state-of-the-art 0.13 mm SOI CMOS devices and circuits transferred for three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. In Proc. IntT Electronic Device Meeting, 2002, pp. 943 - 945. 

Insofar as the concept of elecbode is concerned, it is important to stress here that most electrodes for elecbochemical application in alternative energy devices are manufactured mainly by interfacing semiconducting nanosbuctures with conducting substrates. By combining different elecbodes, one can attain a three-dimensional (3-D) integrated elecbochemical cell [85-87]. Elecbodes can... 

In particular, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were peripherally modified with diimide moieties (see the structure shown in Scheme 1.43). After rednction with dithionite, this dendrimer was cast into a film, the electronic properties of which were isotropic. (This means that on the molecular and macroscopic levels, there is a three-dimensional (3-D) electron delocalization.) The conductivity was humidity dependent. Water molecules integrate into the material s crystal structure and take part in long-distance electron transfer. Such an effect of water was also observed to enhance electric... 

The equation to be solved has been derived and given as Eq. (10), the three-dimensional (3-D) convective diffusion equation. The literature has many discussions about solution techniques for these equations, but they all fit three basic types integral transform methods, method of images, and numerical methods. Probably the single best reference on the first two techniques is the classic work... 

Computer codes must be qualified. The adequacy of the nodalization should be demonstrated as recommended, for instance, in Ref. [15], Integrated computer codes are preferable. For instance, analyses of reactivity initiated accidents with spontaneous control rod withdrawal should employ a three dimensional (3-D) neutronic code with a built-in multichannel thermohydraulics code in order to determine the distortion of the neutron field and the redistribution of thermohydraulic parameters in the group of fuel channels affected by the distorted power density distribution. 

While CT-based three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning already represented a major step compared to the 2-D era, integration of MRI and PET and refinement of image fusion techniques resulted in further significant improvements. 

Three-dimensional (3-D) display is an ultimate display technology. From the theaters to TVs at home, to naked eye mobile devices, 3-D displays [1-3] have been gaining popularity in our daily lives. In this chapter, we will outline the basic operation principles for generating depth perception, in order to reahze 3-D displays. Several types of 3-D display devices stereoscopic displays, autostereoscopic displays, integral imaging, holography, and volumetric displays are discussed. 

Fig. 6 shows data on walking. Fig. 7 shows three-dimensional (3-D) and 2-D trajectories of body movements. The data length is 20 s on walking. After filtered (LPF cutoff 1.2 Hz), the data is found by double integration. 

Braids can be distinguished into two- and three-dimensional structures (Fig. 7.2). Lace and circular braids belong to the first class. Although circular braids are three-dimensional (3-D), their yarn architecture is two-dimensional (2-D), whereas true three-dimensional braids always have three-dimensional yarn architecture. The latter are also called integral textiles because yarns run across the entire cross section of the braid. 

Acceleration signals were integrated twice to obtain the trajectories of subjects. A 3-dimensional (3-D) view and three 2-dimensional (2-D) views (Left - Right, Top - Bottom, Forward - Backward planes) are presented. The 3-D viewing location can be set easily by a mouse operation. This function is supposed to be used for monitoring the movements of vertigo patients in medical applications. 

The integrals are over the full two-dimensional volume F. For the classical contribution to the free energy /3/d([p]) the Ramakrishnan-Yussouff functional has been used in the form recently introduced by Ebner et al. [314] which is known to reproduce accurately the phase diagram of the Lennard-Jones system in three dimensions. In the classical part of the free energy functional, as an input the Ornstein-Zernike direct correlation function for the hard disc fluid is required. For the DFT calculations reported, the accurate and convenient analytic form due to Rosenfeld [315] has been used for this quantity. 

Van drie, J.H., Weininger, D., and Martin, Y.C. ALADDIN an integrated tool for computer-assisted molecular design and pharmacophore recognition from geometric, steric, and substructure searching of three-dimensional molecular structures./. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des. 1998, 3, 225-251. 

This chapter presents an overview of performance plastic polymers in commercial planar and 3-dimensional circuit board products, and describes in detail one approach (two-shot molding) developed as an integrated 3-D circuit manufacturing technology. The distinctions between conventional planar (2-dimensional) circuitry, based on thermoset laminates and "subtractive etching processes, and the enhanced design flexibility afforded by expanded interconnection capacity in three axes are discussed. Specific examples of 3-dimensional interconnect protoypes and products are described and pictured. 

The versatility of lattice models to describe encounter-controlled reactions in systems of more complicated geometries can be illustrated in two different applications. In this subsection layered diffusion spaces as a model for studying reaction efficiency in clay materials are considered and in the following subsection finite, three-dimensional lattices of different symmetries as a model for processes in zeolites are studied. Now that the separate influences of system size N, dimensionality d (integral and fractal), and valency v have been established, and the relative importance of d = 3 versus surface diffusion (and reduction of dimensionality ) has been quantified, the insights drawn from these studies will be used to unravel effects found in these more structured systems. 

Figure 16.3 Images illustrating the architecture of a bacterial channel (KcsA). (A) Stereoview of a ribbon representation of the three-dimensional fold of the KcsA tetramer viewed from the extracellular side. The four subunits are distinguished by color. (B) Stereoview from another perspective, perpendicular to that in (A). (C) Ribbon representation of the tetramer as an integral-membrane protein. Aromatic amino acids on the membrane-facing surface are displayed in black. (D) Inverted conelike architecture of the tetramer. With permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science.

With certain additional restrictions T t) is completely continuous for t 3t, T as described in the first paragraph of this section. This is true, for example, when F is a three-dimensional set, K is given by (3.2) and h is integrable over D x V x V and bounded. It is also true for ri-velocity group theory, n 1. When T t) is completely continuous it has a discrete spectrum, plus possibly the point zero, where the Ay are the eigenvalues of A, The spectrum may be empty. 

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