Stereoscopic Displays

In the fifth step of an X-ray structure determination the electron density map is calculated using the intensities and phase information. This map can be thought of as a true three-dimensional image of the molecule revealed by the X-ray microscope. It is usually displayed as a stereoscopic view on a computer graphics system (Fig. 3-22). It is also often prepared in the form of a series of transparencies mounted on plastic sheets. Each sheet represents a layer, perhaps 0.1 ran thick, with contour lines representing different levels of electron density. 

Figure 14-2 (A) Stereoscopic view of the active site of pyruvate oxidase from the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarium showing the thiamin diphosphate as well as the flavin part of the bound FAD. The planar structure of the part of the intermediate enamine that arises from pyruvate is shown by dotted lines. Only some residues that may be important for catalysis are displayed G35 , S36 , E59 , H89 , F12T, Q122 , R264, F479, and E483. Courtesy of Georg E. Schulz.119 (B) Simplified view with some atoms labeled and some side chains omitted. The atoms of the hypothetical enamine that are formed from pyruvate, by decarboxylation, are shown in green.

Structure building from library of fragments and molecules, manipulation, MM2 energy minimization, stick, ball-and-stick, or space-filling display, extended Hiickel molecular orbital calculation of orbital, electron density, and electrostatic maps. Applicable to chemical reactivity modeling. Tektronix enhanced Mac-II workstation with stereoscopic graphics. 

Visual displays are devices that present the virtual environments to the user. The degree of immersion given by a particular VE system depends greatly on the visual interface display. Severed kinds of visual displays are currently available monitors, head-mounted displays (HMDs), head-coupled displays (HCDs), and projection systems. AH of these systems are capable of producing wide-angle stereoscopic views of the scene, although in some cases monoscopic vision is tilso used. 

Matsunaga D, Tamaki T, Akiyama H, Ichimura K. 2002. Photofabrication of micro patterned polarizing elements for stereoscopic displays. Adv Mater 14 1477 1480. 

The three applications presently attracting greatest attention are linear shutter arrays for nonimpact printers, field sequential color displays, and stereoscopic displays. In the first application, the array of shutters is used to impart information onto a photosensitive print drum. In the second, a frame of information displayed on an emissive display device (CRTs and vacuum fluorescent dot-matrix panels have both been used) is divided into two (red/green)... 

Three-dimensional (3-D) display is an ultimate display technology. From the theaters to TVs at home, to naked eye mobile devices, 3-D displays [1-3] have been gaining popularity in our daily lives. In this chapter, we will outline the basic operation principles for generating depth perception, in order to reahze 3-D displays. Several types of 3-D display devices stereoscopic displays, autostereoscopic displays, integral imaging, holography, and volumetric displays are discussed. 

A stereoscopic display requires viewers to wear special glasses in order to see two sKghtly different 2D images in two different eyes. The 2D images are integrated by human brain to generate 3D depth perception. Apparently, the primary depth cue of stereoscopic displays is binocular disparity. Several types of stereoscopic displays have been developed, as discussed below. 

Time sequential stereoscopic displays with shutter glasses... 

Figure 16.6 Working principle of a stereoscopic display using LC shutter glasses.

In a time-sequential stereoscopic display system, the flat panel display preserves full spatial resolution, but needs to be operated at a doubled frame rate. The shutter glasses need to be synchronized with the display, and also be operated at a high speed. Most shutter glasses are made of optically compensated bend (OCB) LC cells because of their fast response time [24—26]. In addition, the shutter glasses require power connection or batteries, and therefore are relatively heavy and expensive. 

Stereoscopic displays using projectors and polarizing glasses... 

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