The use of a microprocessor

Unlike broadband data, narrowband data provide the ability to directly monitor, trend, and alarm specific machine-train components automatically by the use of a microprocessor for a window of frequencies unique to specific machine components. For example, a narrowband window can be established to directly monitor the energy of a gear set that consists of the primary gear mesh frequency and corresponding side bands. 

Note that great care must be taken when comparing machinery vibration data to industry standards or baseline data. The analyst must make sure the frequency and amplitude are expressed in units and running speeds that are consistent with the standard or baseline data. The use of a microprocessor-based system with software that automatically converts and displays the desired terms offers a solution to this problem. 

This ruler method of optimization will suggest that a good separation may be obtained at compositions around q> x 0.15 or around

ruler method is the simplest and by far the cheapest optimization procedure. It encounters a great deal of scepticism, because it does not involve the use of a microprocessor. Of course, the ruler method suffers from severe limitations ... 

Rovida E, Mosca A, Dossi G. Serum and whole blood urea determination by the use of a microprocessor controlled differential pH analyzer. Eur J Chn Chem Chn Biochem 1981 19 820. 

In recent years, a new generation of colorimeters based on spectrophotometers have been developed. The spectrophotometric colorimeter does not mimic the human eye. Instead, it makes a spectrophotometric measurement at sixteen 20-nm intervals over the entire range of the visible spectrum. The percentage reflectance value obtainedby the spectrophotometer is converted into tristimulus values through the use of a microprocessor. One other useful feature added to these spectrophotometric colorimeters is the ability to select various types of CIE illuminants. Even though the actual light source remains the same, the microprocessor computes the colors that would be seen if the samples were viewed under various illuminants. 

In addition, most devices provide operator control of settings for temperature and/or response slope, isopotential point, zero or standardization, and function (pH, mV, or monovalent—bivalent cation—anion). Microprocessors are incorporated in advanced-design meters to faciHtate caHbration, calculation of measurement parameters, and automatic temperature compensation. Furthermore, pH meters are provided with output connectors for continuous readout via a strip-chart recorder and often with binary-coded decimal output for computer interconnections or connection to a printer. Although the accuracy of the measurement is not increased by the use of a recorder, the readabiHty of the displayed pH (on analogue models) can be expanded, and recording provides a permanent record and also information on response and equiHbrium times during measurement (5). 

This limitation prohibits the use of most microprocessor-based vibration analyzers for complex machinery or machines with variable speeds. Single-channel data-acquisition technology assumes the vibration profile generated by a machine-train remains constant throughout the data-acquisition process. This is generally true in applications where machine speed remains relatively constant (i.e., within 5 to fO rpm). In this case, its use does not severely limit diagnostic accuracy and can be effectively used in a predictive-maintenance program. 

How well can causation be inferred from correlation The problem is akin to inferring the design of a microprocessor based on the readout of its transistors in response to a variety of inputs. The task is impossible in a strict mathematical sense, in that the microprocessor layout could be arbitrarily complicated, but is likely to prove at least somewhat tractable in a more constrained biological setting, especially when combined with ways to cut specific wires in biological circuits using antisense and related techniques. 

An alternative method of retrieving the data from the Chronotox microprocessor is the use of a small, portable, battery-operated printer to obtain a digital data format. The dosimeter is inserted into the readout slot of the printer, and, first, a two-digit code displays the sensor program code. Next, the battery voltage of the microprocessor is printed to assure... 

A common feature of smart devices is the ability, either to transmit the normal 4-20 mA analogue output (which is digitally linearised and compensated where necessary), or to provide digital communication with other devices as desired. Digital communication with a smart transmitter can be implemented from a microprocessor within the control room, or by the use of a hand-held terminal. The latter can be inserted at any point within the 4-20 mA current loop and instructions to change the range, calibration, etc. can be sent to a specific smart device(l00>. 

Figure 14.4 is the three-dimensional view of the process. The figure illustrates the relative water head at different stages. Because of flexible design, Ultrox UV/oxidation treatment systems have a number of advantages (1) very few moving parts (2) operation at low pressure (3) minimum maintenance (4) full-time or intermittent operation in either a continuous or batch treatment mode (5) use of efficient, low-temperature, and long-life UV lamps and (6) use of a microprocessor to control and automate the treatment process (Zeff and Barich, 1992). 

The acid mixture is chosen such that the majority of steels can be dissolved in it. When a residue remains this must be fused using the well-known sodium tetraborate method. This sequential determination of 15 elements in one weighing obviously requires the previous setting up of 15 calibration curves in the appropriate concentration range (Fig. 2). This can be done, in principle, in two ways either the calibration curves are entered using known data with the aid of a microprocessor or appropriate standard samples are used with every analysis. 

Future plans call for the incorporation of a microprocessor into the spectrometer to provide instrument control and to act as an interface with a microcomputer that can be used for data storage and analysis. The objective is the development of portable, real-time instruments, such as a monitor for measuring phenolic compounds and/or alkyl naphthalenes in wastewater. 

Fig. 1.7 Automation of the second stage of the analytical process (Type 4 analyser). Use of a microprocessor incorporated in a molecular absorption spectrometer to control its functioning through an active interface and an analogue-to-digital converter.

Automation In data acquisition and treatment can be aimed at a variety of objectives inherent in the above-mentioned factors. It should be pointed out that physical and physico-chemical kinetic factors play a decisive role in the reduction of human Intervention. The acquisition of data at a high rate imposed by the technique Itself (e.g. picosecond spectroscopy [19]) or by the system Investigated (e.g. meaurements of rates of reactions with half-lives of the order of a few milliseconds by the stopped-flow methodology [20,21]) demand the use of a computerized system without which application of the particular spectroscopic technique or method would not be feasible. On the other hand, the so-called microprocessor-controlled spectroscopy , widely commercialized at present, broadens the scope and facilitates the operator s work by eliminating various sources of error. 

Fig. 12.19 General possibilities of the use of a diode array detector coupled to a microprocessor in HPLC. (a) Three-dimensional chromatogram. (b) Monitoring at several wavelengths, (c) Checking of the spectral purity of a peak, (d) Manipulation of the sensitivity.

A more complex example than using a microprocessor is the use of a microcomputer for a process system which requires a 16-bit memory. The control of a refinery delayed coking unit, shown in Figure 10-8, is the system that will be described. 

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