Reflection values 98

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values recommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive revision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in 1988 by the lUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units cross-entries for archaic or unusual entries have been curtailed. 

If the reflected fight intensity of a clean plate (7g) is combined with the reflected value (or the spectrum) of the TLC spot (J) as... 

As mentioned earlier, it is common practice to measure reflectance values relative to that of a standard, thus defining... 

Note that the points on the waveform for which R-R0 are equally spaced along for uniformly decreasing film thickness, making them identifiable. The plasma itself contributes to the measured intensity. This contribution, defined as Rp, must be subtracted from the reflectance values before any calculations are made. Rp is measured by extinguishing the plasma and measuring the corresponding reduction in intensity. 

Units in table reflect values and units of measure designated by each agency in its regulations or advisories. 

Measured at distance of 30 m, multiply by 1.45 x 10 to obtain psi pressures are reflected values. 

Fig. 7. Overpressures from LNG RPTs. Note All pressures are reflected values ( ) Shell Pipeline, 1972 tests (x) LLNL/NWC China Lake tests, 1980 (V) Shell Research Maplin Sands tests, 1980, outside visible cloud (A) Shell Research Maplin Sands tests, 1980, inside visible cloud.

To implement the method, it is necessary to decide how to handle the case when a particle encounters either vertical boundary. Following Fig. 11, if a particle is predicted to cross the boundary, its position can be reflected. At the next step, n + 1 to n + 2, the velocity at step n + 1 can be taken as the reflected value (line a in Fig. 11), as the previous value unreflected (line b), or as zero with only the random component (case c). In Fig. 12, dimensionless surface concentrations are shown corresponding to each of these three options. As expected, the lowest concentrations... 

For comparison purposes, regression parameters were computed for the model defined by Equations 6, 7, 8, and 10 and the model obtained by replacing In (1/R) in those equations by R. The dependent variable (y) is particulate concentration because it is desired to predict particulate content from reflectance values. Data from Tables I and II were also fitted to exponential and power functions where the independent variable (x) was reflectance but the fits were found to be inferior to that of the linear relationship. 

Dust content (dry assay) in the cottons, and a measure of total particulate content, arbitrarily defined here as the sum of the dust (wet assay) and trash content, were computed from the regression relationships using the mean reflectance values given in Table II. Calculated particulate contents were plotted against the observed values in Table I and are shown in Figures 3 and 4. These two graphs indicate that the regression lines predict the particulate content of the six cottons very well. 

The studies carried out consist of the megascopic description of the master columns study of thin sections for maceral assessment, determination of maceral composition on polished blocks in reflected light, determination of mean maximum reflectance values on polished pellets, proximate analyses of selected petrographic zones, hot stage studies on vitrinoids to determine the thermal behavior at various temperatures, electron microprobe and spectrochemical studies of selected zones to determine the nature of ash forming elements, analyses of certain zones petrographically important to determine the variation of total carbon, and hydrogen and microhardness determinations on certain macerals. 

This classification of the seams is justified and is well reflected in the proximate analyses and distribution of the vitrinoid types distinguished on the basis of reflectance values. The variation of the different macerals in each zone is shown in Figures 4 and 4a. 

Figure 7 represents the variation of the reflectance values in each zone of both the Seams 2 and 4. The distribution of the various types of vitrinoids encountered in various zones are represented in Figures 4 and 4a, respectively. Principally, the types of vitrinoids encountered are V4, V5, V , V7, and Vs with an abundance of V type of vitrinoid. Next in abundance to Ve are V5 and V7 followed by V4 and Vs. From Figures 4 and 4a, it is noticed that Vs is more abundant in Seam 4 than in Seam 2. Seam 4 is 40 feet below Seam 2, and as such, a general slight metamorphic grade may be expected. 

The histograms in Figure 8 show the distribution of vitrinoids in both the seams. Both the histograms generally show the same type of distribution with a peak of Vc, V4, and Vs on either side of the tail. The mean maximum reflectance values for each zone are presented in Table IV. 

One of the authors had an opportunity to read the reflectance values of some of the coals of Permian age from Africa, Australia, and South America. These samples were randomly selected to ascertain the nature and types of vitrinoids present. This was possible through the courtesy of the Anthracologi-cal Laboratories of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. The types of vitrinoids encountered varied from V4 to V , with an abundance of V . In this respect... 

Range of reflectance values, 1.5-6.5% sample contained roughly 5% vitrinite as impurity. 

Figure 2. Volatile matter (daf), ash, and reflectance values in core DDH-B...

The hydrogen content is higher where the reflectance values noticeably decrease. This break in the uniform reflectance curve occurs where there is a greater concentration of coked carbonaceous material, without a large admixture of igneous material. 

Within the Black Beauty mine the spheroidal coal has a reflectance value of 0.75%. Reflectance of the coke described above is 2.86%. 

Representative samples taken from the face of the main slope (approximately 900 feet from the dike) of the Maitland No. 2 mine (samples M-l and M-3) and a third sample back approximately 100 feet (M-2) show reflectance values of 0.65%, 0.61%, and 0.65%, respectively. Two additional samples taken approximately 1600 feet from the dike (M-4 and M-6) have reflectance values of 0.48% and 0.47%, respectively. None of the coal material exposed at any place in the mine is visibly altered by the intrusion. However, the reflectance values are quite sensitive and have recorded some effect from the heat of the dike rock. 

Reflectance readings of the polished pellets were made on all fractions across the xenolith, utilizing a Leitz Ortholux microscope and a Photovolt photometer. Figure 12 shows the mean reflectance values of each fraction plotted vs. the distance across the xenolith. These values generally decrease toward the center of the xenolith as the distance from the sill increases. The mean reflectance values range from 5.7 to 8.1%. 

Prior to measurement of reflectance, the sample face is covered with cedar oil or commercial immersion oil and then multiple readings are taken of the maximum reflectance of the coal component (e.g., vitrinite) of interest. These values are compared with readings of high-index glass standards (of known reflectance) that are available with reflectance values typically ranging from 0.302 to 1.815%. 

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