The Market Perspective

The marketing perspective the impact of rising customer expectations and the information revolution. 

This review adopts the broad perspective, recognizing that the primai y policy mechanisms applied to improve energy efficiency—minimum efficiency standards, incentive programs, normative and informative labeling progi ams, and technology-driven market forces—can address a vei"y wide variety of products. 

With regard to the marketing of boiler water treatment programs and services, in the preface to this book I suggested that, although boiler plant can be classified in several different ways, there are from my perspective, only two groups of boiler plant owner/operator to be addressed. 

Hewin International Report, The Technology and Markets for Anionic Surfactants—North America, Western Europe and Japan in the Global Perspective 1991 to 1995, and Scenario 2000. 

Micro reactors have attracted the attention of the press and journals (Figure 1.34). This echo reflects the perception of how the technology is seen by journalists and experts in the field, thereby influencing the opinion of the interested society. It is worth - not only from a marketing perspective - having a closer look at this and attempting to draw some conclusions concerning one s own future developments. 

The Nordic eco-label is the official eco-label for the Nordic countries [9]. It was founded in 1989 and the aim is to provide customers with a tool (the Nordic eco-label logo) to help them choose among the best, environmental performing products on the market. The criteria are developed by using a life-cycle perspective. The Nordic eco-label has in total 63 product groups. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in pharmaceutical research has been used primarily in a classical, organic chemistry framework. Typical studies have included (1) the structure elucidation of compounds [1,2], (2) investigating chirality of drug substances [3,4], (3) the determination of cellular metabolism [5,6], and (4) protein studies [7-9], to name but a few. From the development perspective, NMR is traditionally used again for structure elucidation, but also for analytical applications [10]. In each case, solution-phase NMR has been utilized. It seems ironic that although —90% of the pharmaceutical products on the market exist in the solid form, solid state NMR is in its infancy as applied to pharmaceutical problem solving and methods development. 

Micro-economics contribute to demand-oriented management with economic research on market and pricing mechanisms (Varian 1994). Relations of demand and supply from the micro-perspective of buyers and sellers as market participants are investigated. Specifically, market-constellations, price-quantity functions and pricing mechanisms are related to sales quantity and price decision making. 

Spot demand price elasticity is not a forecasted parameter but needs to be derived analytically. As specified in the value chain characteristics in subchapter 3.2 the company does not have a monopoly in the market and sales decision of the company do not influence the market price. Therefore, elasticity is not determined from a macro-economic perspective considering market prices but from a micro-economic perspective analyzing the specific spot demand forecasts the company receives. Table 24 provides the detailed steps of the algorithm for determining elasticity and the price-... 

Utilization is defined from the sales perspective to indicate further production quantities available to be sold to the market. Products with lower throughputs than the maximum throughput consequently should not reduce utilization if they are run at their highest maximum throughput level. For detailed analysis, utilization is also defined resource- and period-specific. 

The availability of biomass and the allocation of biomass resources across energy sectors are crucial, as this energy source is faced with high expectations with regard to its future potentials. Although the potential analysis undertaken here is focused on the electricity sector, with regard to biomass, all energy sectors have been considered. The total domestic availability of solid biomass is approximately 221 Mtoe/yr (9.2 PJ/yr).3 To indicate the European perspective in a broader context, it is assumed that biomass can be imported to the European market. Specifically ... 

The SubChem project has produced numerous interesting scientific perspectives which require further examination. In the area of framework conditions, questions arise relating to the quality of markets or the type of competition as the main driving forces of innovation. An increased comprehension of the markets where companies (or supply chains) operate also reveals a novel appreciation of their scope and restrictions for action as well as their vulnerability towards other external influences. For example, market research explicidy devoted to the types of competition would be beneficial and provide comparative observations for a more precise classification than we have been able to discern with our resources. 

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