The effect of solids

D, W. Blair, CombustFlame 20 (1), 105—9 (1973) CA 78, 113515 (1973) A simple heat-transfer model is coupled with an Arrhenius-type pyrolysis law to study the effect of solid-state heat-transfer losses on burning rates of solid rocket-proplnt strands. Such heat-transfer losses materially affect the burning rates and also cause extinction phenomena similar to some that had been observed exptly. Strand diam and compn, adiabatic burning rate, and the heat-transfer film coeff at the strand surface are important variables. Results of theoretical analysis are applied to AP-based composite solid proplnts... 

For the region near the attachment point, Mullis found a strong effect of axial position on flux, but no satisfactory general correlation for this effect. In addition, he found no quantitative relation for the heat-transfer characteristics of jets directed toward the propellant surface. Under most conditions studied by Mullis, the radiation contribution is approximately 10% of the convective flux. The effects of solid-particle impingement were not investigated. 

However, for the lubricants with lower viscosity, e.g.. Polyglycol oil 1 and 2 with the kinetic viscosity of 47 mm /s to 145 mm /s in Table 1, the transition from EHL to TFL can be seen at the speed of 8 mm/sand23 mm/s, i.e., the relationship between film thickness and speed becomes much weaker than that in EHL. The transition regime can be explained when the film reduces to several times the thickness of the molecular size, the effect of solid surface forces on the action of molecules becomes so strong that the lubricant molecules become more ordered or solid like. The thickness of such a film is related to the lubricant viscosity or molecular size. 

This equation shows that activity of Ca + is related to pH, concentration of H2CO3 and temperature. Because pH is related to the concentration of Cl for the equilibrium curves 1 and 2 in Fig. 2.14, the relationship between the concentrations of Ca " " and Cl" can be derived for calcite-albite-sericite-K-feldspar-quartz equilibrium (curves 4 and 7 in Fig. 2.14) and calcite-albite-sericite-Na-montmorillonite-quartz equilibrium (curves 5 and 8 in Fig. 2.14) with constant w2h2C03- The range of zh2C03 in the solution in equilibrium with calcite is assumed to be 10 to 10 . The other equilibrium curves for the assemblage including Ca minerals are also drawn (Fig. 2.14). These assemblages are wairakite-albite-sericite-K-feldspar-quartz (curve 3), Ca-montmotillonite-albite-sericite-Na-montmorillonite-quartz (curve 6), Ca-montmorillonite-albite-sericite-K-feldspar-quartz (curve 9) and anhydrite (curve 10). The effect of solid solution on the equilibrium curves is not considered because of the lack of thermochemical data of solid solution. 

Divilio, R. J., and Boyd, T. J., Practical Implications of the Effect of Solids Suspension Density on Heat Transfer in Large-Scale CFB Boilers, Circ. Fluid. Bed Tech IV, 334-339 (1993)... 

Particulate matter concentration, organic content and granulometry For the different types of surfactant, the effect of solids concentration on sorption is unclear. While some studies have shown that the concentration of solids has no effect on the extent of sorption [19,36], in others, it has been detected that the partition coefficient decreases with particle concentration [17,27,37,38]. 

It is well accepted that the soluble fiber is the primary contributor for the beneficial health effects of psyllium especially the cholesterollowering activity, while the insoluble fiber may also have a contribution. The effects of solid-state enzymatic treatment on fiber contents were investigated for the modified psyllium. Shearzyme 500 L, Viscozyme L, and Pentopan Mono BG treatments all caused loss of soluble fiber under... 

The effect of solids on ion speciation is not limited to precipitation/dissolution reactions. Most solid surfaces in seawater possess a net negative charge that enables them to electrostatically attract cations (M ). This attraction can be represented as ... 

Surfactant adsorption on solids from aqueous solutions plays a major role in a number of interfacial processes such as enhanced oil recovery, flotation and detergency. The adsorption mechanism in these cases is dependent upon the properties of the solid, solvent as well as the surfactant. While considerable information is available on the effect of solid properties such as surface charge and solubility, solvent properties such as pH and ionic strength (1,2,3), the role of possible structural variations of the surfactant in determining adsorption is not yet fully understood. 

The solvent-mediated transformation of o -L-glutamic acid to the S-form was quantitatively monitored over time at a series of temperatures [248]. The calibration model was built using dry physical mixtures of the forms, but still successfully predicted composition in suspension samples. Cornel et al. monitored the solute concentration and the solvent-mediated solid-state transformation of L-glutamic acid simultaneously [249]. However, the authors note that multivariate analysis was required to achieve this. Additionally, they caution that it was necessary to experimentally evaluate the effect of solid composition, suspension density, solute concentration, particle size and distribution, particle shape, and temperature on the Raman spectra during calibration in order to have confidence in the quantitative results. This can be a substantial experi-... 

Solid floors in multilevel process structures can provide a passive means of containing any spilled liquids or solids and preventing materials from falling onto lower levels. To maximize the effectiveness of solid floors, the floor design should include appropriately located drainage for spills and fire water runoff. Fire protection systems can be designed to effectively manage liquid pool fires. 

This correlation has been proposed for slurry bubble columns as well, as the authors found that the effect of solids addition has a negligible effect on gas holdup. SI units should be used in this correlation. 

The effect of solid particles. In his studies of the detonation products of explosives stemmed in different ways, Audibert [29, 32] paid attention to the fact that in charges insufficiently stemmed a certain amount of the explosive remains in the form of small particles which may undergo further explosive decomposition according to conditions, i.e., temperature and ambient pressure. If these particles are ejected into a space filled with a methane-air mixture they may lead to the explosion of this mixture. The possibility of the existence of particles of undecomposed explosive in ejected detonation products has been disputed by some authors (Segay [33]), but many others have proved that it can occur. T. Urbanski [34] found that a thin layer on the periphery of a cylindrical charge of ammonium nitrate explosive is... 

Polymer-supported reagent. HMPT supported on a polystyrene-type resin is a catalyst for SN2 reactions5-7 and for reduction of ketones by NaBIi4.7 It also has a marked effect on the alkylation of ethyl acetoacetate with diethyl sulfate. In the presence of solid HMPT the enolales undergo 60 70% O-alkylation. In the absence of HMPT, the lithium enolate does not react and the sodium and potassium enolates undergo C-alkylation (90-100%). There is some difference in the effect of solid and liquid I1MPT The solid HMPT increases the reactivity of the K. enolate more than the liquid form, whereas the reverse is true with the Li enolate.8... 

Melting and the effect of solid phase dilution on conversion... 

This mode of initiation is described in detail in the article on Impact Initiation in Vol 7, I35-R to I55-R. In particular, refs to RDX are to be found on pp 141,42, 50, 51, 52 54 of that article. For the sake of completeness, however, we quote below, from Ref 45b, the major criteria for the impact initiation of RDX critical unconfined charge thickness 0.25mm critical pressure 7000kg/cm2 min impact force 1.3 x 105kg The results of a recent study (Ref 62) on the effects of solid additives on the impact initiation of RDX are summarized in Table 2... 

Importance of the Solid State of the Drug Origin of the Effect of Solid State on Solubility... 

Polyester resins are frequently used as binders in various composites. Therefore it is necessary to know the effects of solid fillers or reinforcing fibers on the properties of a material. Systematic investigations66 that all the main effects observed when a filler is introduced into a low-viscosity matrix also occur with polyester resins. As was shown in many cases the presence of a filler leads to a... 

The choice of reactor will be very dependent on the requirements of the chemical reaction scheme, the relative importance of mixing and heat transfer, and practical considerations (e.g., the effect of solids in the process materials of construction flexibility). A comparison of the typical performance of different designs is given in Table 5. HEX Reactors are discussed in more depth in Chapter 4. 

ZoBell, C. E. 1943. The effect of solid surfaces upon bacterial activity. Journal of Bacteriology... 

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