Textile filament yarns

Most textile filament yarns are also direct-spun. The output per bundle is small, and therefore hundreds of spinning positions must be fed from one polymerization unit, making the polymer melt-line system very complicated. Winders make four, six, eight, or even 12 packages simultaneously, and spinnerets and spinning pumps are clustered accordingly. 

In 1994, the proportion of PET fibers in the world production of synthetic fibers was 62.9% and of chemical fibers was 55.3%, while in the total volume of all kinds of fibers it was 27.4%. Out of PET fibers presently produced, 38% are staple fibers and 52.5% are filament yarns, with a marked tendency toward an increase in the latter. A 55% proportion is anticipated in the year 2000, At present, about 75% of PET fibers are used for textile purposes and 25% for nontextile purposes. 

The total PET world production capacity amounted to 30 megatonnes per year (Mt/y) in the year 2000. This total production includes 8.5Mt/y of packaging resins, comprising 93 % of bottle-grade PET and 7 % of film-grade PET. The staple fibre and textile filament capacities have been 9.1 Mt/y and 11.1 Mt/y, respectively, while the industrial yarn capacity has been 1.2 Mt/y. Typical plant capacities are 240-600 t/d for bottle resin production, 100-200 t/d for staple fibres and 100-300 t/d for filament-spinning textile grades. Batch plants for the production of industrial yams have typical capacities of 20-40 t/d [2],... 

Relative scales of the spinning processes for staple and filament products are depicted in Table 12.1. The industrial filament process is intermediate to the staple and textile filament processes, in terms of both spinning throughput and fiber orientation uniformity (here measured by spun birefringence level). Industrial yarns must be uniform enough to be drawn to much higher tenacity levels than staple yams, but are not dyed and therefore not subject to the more demanding uniformity requirements of textile yams. 

Polypropylenes are available as molding powder, extruded sheet, cast film, textile staple, and continuous-filament yarn. They find use in packaging film molded parts for automobiles, appliances, and housewares wire and cable coating food container closures bottles, printing plates carpet and upholstery fibers storage battery cases crates for soft-drink bottles laboratory ware trays fish nets surgical casts and a variety of other applications. 

Basic yarn components along with conventional filaments/yarns constitute the feedstock of the weaving process. Selectively fed into a loom and manipulated through an advanced textile manufacturing process, this feedstock can be woven into a complex variety of designs that result in a structurally sound, environmentally compatible fabric that provides electrical and mechanical functionality. Electronic circuits can be formed from the selective interconnection of fibre components during the weaving process. 

Fig. 12.2. Force-elongation curves of manufactured textile continuous-filament yarns at standard conditions of 70°F and 65 percent relative humidity.

Fig. 12.28. Flow diagram for manufacture of textile glass fiber (1) glass batch (2) batch cans (3) marble forming (4) cullet cans (5) marbles (6) melting furnaces (7) filament yarn formation (8) gathering and sizing (9) yarn packaging (10) air jets (11) lubricant spray (12) collection for staple fibers (13) staple fiber packaging. (Courtesy Owens-Coming Fiberglass Corp.)...

PAN, a synthetic fiber, is a polymer of acrylonitrile monomers. Worldwide, 2.73 million tons of PAN are produced per year, of which over 98% are processed as filament yarn serving as material in the textile industry (Tauber et al., 2000). PAN usually has a molecular weight of 55,000-70,000 g mol and is most commonly a copolymer produced by radical polymerization from acrylonitrile, 5-10 mol% vinyl acetate (or similar nonionic comonomers) to disrupt the regularity and crystallinity, and ionic comonomers, such as sulfuric or sulfonic acid salts. PAN is a hydrophobic polymer that affects the processability of the fibers. The surface is not easily wetted. 

Nature of textile Textile construction yarn (staple or filament), fabric (knit, woven or nonwoven)... 

Application Used as a softener and antistatic agent in textile finishing. Useful in lubricants for filament yarns, synthetic fibers, and wool. May be used to emulsify cosmetic oils and creams, and for the polymerization of latices. 

Available forms (Molding powder) Extruded sheet, cast film (1-10 mils), textile staple and continuous filament yarn, fibers with diameters from 0.05 to 1 p,m, and fiber webs down to 2 microns thick, low-density foam. 

Polyurethane fibers are another niche application. These elastanes, the basis of Lycra , have nearly taken over the textile industry, displacing rubber threads (elastodienes) in the process. The high popularity of PU fibers is attributable to the good tensile strength and elasticity of highly segmented polyurethanes. In addition, elastanes can be processed in a variety of sizes, either as continuous filaments (yarns) or as shorter fibers. Rubber threads, on the other hand, are available solely as monofilaments. ... 

Vinyon N is a continuous-filament yarn and Dynel is a staple fibre both are copolymers composed of 60 per cent vinyl chloride and 40 per cent acrylonitrile. These fibres are considerably more stable towards heat commencing to shrink at 116°C, and softening in the region of 130°C when shrinkage becomes marked. Dynel finds textile application because it has adequate stability towards heat, an extremely soft handle and is cheaper than the acrylics. 

The unique sample holder in i was developed by M iller 15i lor use in ihe study of textile filaments and yarns. The filament sample is wound in -he grooves cm in the outer surface of an aluminum cylinder. Three identical cylinders arc mounted symmetrically in the center of a vertical furnace two are used for the sample and reference materials, while the third is used to monitor lhe furnace temperature. 

The manufacturing processes for textile filament, staple and industrial filament yarns have become so specialized that it is not possible to make one such class of fibers on the others equipment. Within these classes, tliere are production machines specialized for certain types of fibers for specific types of consumer products. Large machines designed to produce high volumes of commodity products (e.g. staple for cotton blending) at high efficiency and low cost are not well suited to the efficient production of specialty staple variants (e.g. fibers witli special dyeing properties) and vice-versa. 

ISO 1888. 1979 Textile glass Determination of the average diameter of staple fibres, or continuous filaments constituting a textile glass yarn—Cross section method. 

In general, textiles used in wound-dressing products include fibres, nanofibres, filaments, yarns, and woven/knitted/non-woven and composite materials. 

Textile materials can be used in moist wound management as fibres themselves (advanced fibres such as alginate and chitosan fibres), or conventional/advanced fibres can be modified or coated with various substances such as honey or hydrogels to obtain special properties such as ultra-absorbency, drag release, etc. In general, textiles used in wound-dressing products come in all possible forms, including fibres, nanofibres, filaments, yarns, and woven/knitted/non-woven and composite materials. 

Advances in filament yarn spinning of textiles and polymers... 

Glass strand is normally measured by the number of 100 yards in 1 lb weight (for example, a 130 s count contains 13,000 yards per pound weight or the number of grams per kilometer, imder the international unit tex. Tex is a unit for expressing linear density equal to the mass of weight in grams of 1000 m of strand, fiber, filament, yarn, or other textile strand. 

Fiber tex A unit for expressing linear density equal to the mass of weight in grams of 1000 m of fiber, filament, yarn, or other textile strand. 

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