Textile filament yam

The breaking strength of a textile filament, yam or cord, expressed in grams per denier. Tendering... 

A few alternatives for the derivatization of cellulose have been found recently direct dissolution of cellulose has been developed. For textile filament yams, dissolution in N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO) is possible. The process is applied by Courtaulds and Lenzing. A solution in formic acid/phosphoric acid was found to have lyotropic behavior and tire yarns with very interesting properties could be produced (patented by Michelin). It even proved possible to use phosphoric acid alone (patented by AKZO), but the process was never commercialized. 

Multifilament n A yam consisting of many continuous filaments or strands, as opposed to monofilament which is one strand. Most textile filament yams are multifilament. 

Asahi Chemical Industries (ACl, Japan) are now the leading producers of cuprammonium rayon. In 1990 they made 28,000 t/yr of filament and spunbond nonwoven from cotton ceUulose (65). Their continuing success with a process which has suffered intense competition from the cheaper viscose and synthetic fibers owes much to their developments of high speed spinning technology and of efficient copper recovery systems. Bemberg SpA in Italy, the only other producer of cuprammonium textile fibers, was making about 2000 t of filament yam in 1990. 

Since the early 1980s, the viscose-based staple fibers have, like the cuprammonium and viscose filament yams in the 1970s, ceased to be commodities. They have been repositioned from the low cost textile fibers that were used in a myriad of appUcations regardless of suitabUity, to premium priced fashion fibers dehvering comfort, texture, and attractive colors in ways hard to achieve with other synthetics. They are stiU widely used in blends with polyester and cotton to add value, where in the 1980s they would have been added to reduce costs. 

Other Fiber Deformations. Deformations such as bending, torsion, shear, and compression are of practical importance in textile apphcations. Bending and twisting of yams, both influential in the development of bulk and stretch in filament yams, are also important in the production of staple yams. Bending characteristics are important in cmsh resistance in carpets. Bending and shear are factors that influence the hand and drape of apparel fabrics, whereas compression influences the recovery of fabrics after such processes as winding. 

Textiles. Polyamides having improved antistatic properties utilize polyoxyalkylated hydrogenated castor od as the dispersible antistatic agent (113). A finish for bulked continuous polyamide filament yams also use polyoxyethylated castor od to enhance the fiber finish (114). 

The total PET world production capacity amounted to 30 megatonnes per year (Mt/y) in the year 2000. This total production includes 8.5Mt/y of packaging resins, comprising 93 % of bottle-grade PET and 7 % of film-grade PET. The staple fibre and textile filament capacities have been 9.1 Mt/y and 11.1 Mt/y, respectively, while the industrial yarn capacity has been 1.2 Mt/y. Typical plant capacities are 240-600 t/d for bottle resin production, 100-200 t/d for staple fibres and 100-300 t/d for filament-spinning textile grades. Batch plants for the production of industrial yams have typical capacities of 20-40 t/d [2],... 

The manufacturing processes for textile filament, staple and industrial filament yams have become so specialized that it is not possible to make one such class of fibers on the others equipment. Within these classes, there are production machines specialized for certain types of fibers for specific types of consumer products. Large machines designed to produce high volumes of commodity products (e.g. staple for cotton blending) at high efficiency and low cost are not well suited to the efficient production of specialty staple variants (e.g. fibers with special dyeing properties) and vice-versa. 

Relative scales of the spinning processes for staple and filament products are depicted in Table 12.1. The industrial filament process is intermediate to the staple and textile filament processes, in terms of both spinning throughput and fiber orientation uniformity (here measured by spun birefringence level). Industrial yarns must be uniform enough to be drawn to much higher tenacity levels than staple yams, but are not dyed and therefore not subject to the more demanding uniformity requirements of textile yams. 

Antron [Du Pont]. TM for nylon textile fibers in the form of continuous filament yams and staple. 

Cut or ground cross-sections of fibres, yams and fabrics are of interest for fibre identification, in fault analysis in primary and secondary spinning and in checking the penetration of dyes into fibres, filaments, yams and fabrics. These methods are also used to investigate hollow and multicomponent fibres, the build-up, adhesion and evenness of coating layers and the analysis of other textile composites. AU of this can be useful for damage analysis. Grieve has written a review on cross-section preparation methods for fibres. 

Textile filaments of cellulose acetate are classified as rayon, that term having been adopted for all manufactured textile fiber or yam produced... 

Manufacturers of composite structures have traditionally used prepreg tape to manufacture structural components. Fibres are initially combined into unidirectional tows (bundles) of fibres combined into fabrics, e.g. by weaving or knitting. The vast majority of the tows employed in woven, braided or knitted reinforcements comprise low twist or untwisted continuous filament yams. Three-dimensional technical textiles can be produced by weaving [5], knitting [6] and braiding [7] or as non-crimp fabrics. 

About half of the fibrous poly(olefin) textile products are produced in the form of strips, split fibers or monofilaments, another third as staple fibers and the rest as filament yams and textile composites. All poly(olefins) are characterized by excellent resistance to acids, alkalis and other chemicals. Due to this lack of affinity, on the other hand, all poly(olefin) fibers can only be colored by means of melt pigmentation [81]. ... 

Textured filament yam Filament yam is sometimes twisted and manipulated in order to impart texture and bulk to it before it is used in a textile fabric. This step can also impart a soft hand feel to the yam. 

Fiber spinning process Melting spinning is the common process used to make textile-type polyolefin fibers (UHMWPE is an exception due to its ultra-high molecular weight as will be seen later). The process of making continuous filament yam consists of the following steps [2] ... 

As for viscose fibres, these are mostly produced as staple fibres for textile and nonwoven applications. In 2011, world production was 3.246 million tons [49] while filament yam for textile and technical applications reached 332 000 tons in 2011 [49] with a share of technical yarns of 56 000 tons. Technical viscose fibres, also called rayon or viscose rayon, are used mainly as carcass reinforcing fibres in fast-running and run-flat tyres. Lyocell fibres are produced only as staple and virtually exclusively by Lenzing AG, Austria, with a production capacity of 140 000 tons in 2011 [50]. 

Several yam manufacturing methods exist in the textile industry. The characteristics of the yam that is used in constmcting a fabric highly influences the mechanical properties of the fabric and similarly, the yam characteristics are strongly dependent upon the fibre characteristics and the yam stmcture. The yam can be formed by using either staple fibres or continuous filaments. Several spinning systems exist for processing staple fibre yams, each of which has a different structure and exhibits different properties. Similarly, continuous filament yams can be manufactured as either monofilaments or multifilaments, with or without twist imparted into them. 

H Zhang, X Tao, Electro-Mechanical Properties of Knitted Fabric Made From Conductive Multi-Filament Yam Under Unidirectional Extension , Textile Res. J, 2005 75(8) 598-606. 

Abraded yarn 9- brMod n. A filament yam in which filaments have been cut or broken to create hairiness (fibrillation) to simulate the surface character of spun yarns. Abraded yarns are usually plied or twisted with other yarns before use. Kadolph SJ and Langford AL (2001) Textiles. Pearson Education, New York. 

Polymer science has been the backbone of pharmaceuticals for decades. The amalgamation of polymer science with pharmaceutical science led to a quantum leap in terms of novelty (fiexibiUty in physical state, shape, size and surface) in DDS design and development. The market for controlled-release polymer systems, which extends beyond drug delivery, is now estimated at 60 billion annually worldwide and its systems are used by over 100 million people each year. Growth of world consumption of technical textiles is expected to come primarily from nonwoven materials, especially spunlaid products, which are made from polymers rather than fibers or filament yams. 

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