Laboratory ware

Experiments are performed in special laboratory ware made from thin or thick laboratory glass. Thin glassware must be chemically and thermally stable. Ware in which reactions are performed with heating is made from heat-resistant Pyrex glass and quartz. 

Pyrex glass contains about 80% of silicon dioxide, about 5% of alkalies, and has a low expansion coefficient. Ware made from it has a high thermal stability. The softening point of this glass is about 620 °C. 

The glassware shown in Fig. 1 is used the most in chemical laboratories. It includes test tubes la), Wurtz test tubes lb), beakers 2, flat-bottomed flasks 3, round-bottomed flasks 4, Wurtz flasks 5, coni- 

In addition to glassware, porcelain ware is also used in the laboratory (Fig. 2) bowls 1, cups 2, crucibles with lids 3, Buchner funnels 4, mortars and pestles 5, boats 6, and triangles 7. 

For working with small amounts of substances, laboratory ware of a small size and capacity is used, for example, 2- and 10-ml flasks, 20-, 10-, and 5-ml beakers, etc. 

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This copolymer has proved particularly suitable for wire and cable insulation, with many grades being rated at 155°C for 20 000 h continuous exposure. It is extensively used in electrical systems for aircraft, underground railways, computers, telecommunications installations and heating circuits. Because of its toughness combined with its heat and chemical resistance it also finds use for lining pumps and valves and other equipment for the chemical industry and for laboratory ware. 

Platinum-clad stainless steel laboratory ware is available for the evaporation of solutions of corrosive chemicals. These vessels have all the corrosion-resistance properties of platinum up to about 550 °C. The main features are (1) much lower cost than similar apparatus of platinum (2) the overall thickness is about four times that of similar all-platinum apparatus, thus leading to greater mechanical strength and (3) less susceptible to damage by handling with tongs, etc. 

Today it has become clear that the effect of trace elements in living systems, in food, and in the environment depends on the chemical form in which the element enters the system and the final form in which it is present. The form, or species, clearly governs its biochemical and geochemical behaviour. lUPAC (the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry) has recently set guidelines for terms related to chemical speciation of trace elements (Templeton et al. 2000). Speciation, or the analytical activity of measuring the chemical species, is a relatively new scientific field. The procedures usually consist of two consecutive steps (i) the separation of the species, and (2) their measurement An evident handicap in speciation analysis is that the concentration of the individual species is far lower than the total elemental concentration so that an enrichment step is indispensable in many cases. Such a proliferation of steps in analytical procedure not only increases the danger of losses due to incomplete recovery, chemical instability of the species and adsorption to laboratory ware, but may also enhance the risk of contamination from reagents and equipment. 

Laboratory wares, blood and centrifuge tubes, test tubes, beakers and pipette tips. .. 

Laboratory ware trays for chemical treatments, animal cages. .. 

Medical, laboratory and care applications transparent pre-filled syringes, pharmaceutical containers and packages, primary packaging of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, diagnostic disposables, laboratory ware. .. 

Uses Manufacture of plastics used in automobiles, laboratory ware, and electronic components organic synthesis. 

G Injection, blow molding, and extrusion and other conventional methods Autoclavable laboratory ware and bottles... 

Adsorption is also a problem at trace levels. Few solutions below a concentration of 10 pg cm- can be considered to be stable for any length of time. Various preservatives to guard against adsorption of metals on to glassware have been reported in the literature. Common precautionary steps are to keep the acid concentration high and to use plastic laboratory ware. 

Every student is given a permanent place in the laboratory (a working table and locker for laboratory ware), and he must keep it clean and in good order. Only the objects needed at the given time for work must be on the table. 

Ware Washing. Thoroughly wash laboratory ware before using it in an experiment. First rinse it with tap water. If the dirt is not removed, use a special test-tube brush. Never wash ware with water and sand because scratches may appear on the glass that detract from its strength. 

Never wipe the inside of laboratory ware with a towel. When required, dry ware in a drying cabinet (except for measuring vessels, which are never dried by heating). 

WORK WITH LABORATORY WARE ON GROUND JOINTS... 

Burns produced by phosphorus are very dangerous If white phosphorus gets on your skin, immediately remove it and wash the burnt spot with a 2% silver nitrate, copper sulphate, or potassium permanganate solution. After carrying out experiments with white or red phosphorus, immerse the laboratory ware for some time in a 10% copper sulphate solution, after which wash it in the usual way. 

IF YOU DECIDE TO USE REGULAR LABORATORY WARE IN YOUR HOME IAB, GET PRICE LIST FROM SUPPLIER. 

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