Test on blood

Table 32-3 summarizes laboratory results obtained on patients with three different causes of jaundice—hemolytic anemia (a prehepatic cause), hepatitis (a hepatic cause), and obstruction of the common bile duct (a posthepatic cause). Laboratory tests on blood (evaluation of the possibihty of a hemolytic anemia and measurement of prothrombin time) and on semm (eg, electrophoresis of proteins activities of the enzymes ALT, AST, and alkahne phosphatase) are also important in helping to distinguish between prehepatic, hepatic, and posthepatic causes of jaundice. 

FDA approves the AIDS test on blood to protect patients from infected donors. 

The characteristic symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, polyuria, pruritus, polydipsia with otherwise unexplained weight loss, and often symptoms from one or more of its related complications. Type 2 diabetes may be asymptomatic, so that the diagnosis is sometimes made as a result of abnormal screening tests on blood or urine. The onset of type 2 diabetes can occur up to 7 years before clinical diagnosis (see Harris et al., 1992). 

Alcohol isopropylicus, 691 Alcohol trichlorisobutylicus, 444 Alcohols, 18 gas chromatography, 19 test on blood, 6 test on urine, 4 Alcojel, 691 Alcomicin, 637 Alcopar(a), 391 Alcuronium chloride, 324 Aldactide, 667, 973 Aldactone, 973 Aldecin, 374 Aldehyde, 311 Aldehydes, test on blood, 6 test on urine, 4 Alderstan, 324 Aldicarb, 82 Aldoclor, 454, 764 Aldocorten, 324... 

Carbohydrates, published infra-red spectra, 250 Carbolic acid, 884 Carboline, 824 Carbolith, 708 Carbon disulphide, 567 Carbon Disulphide (test), 131 Carbon monoxide, quantification in blood, 20 reference standards, 1171 test on blood, 6 Carbon tetrachloride, 434 Carboneum tetrachloratum medicinale, 434 Carbop B, 178 CarbopakC, 178 Carbostesin, 411 Carbotiroid, 432 Carbowax20M, 179, 180... 

Salicylates, test on blood, 6 test on stomach contents, 5 test on urine, 4 Salicylazosulphapyridine, 993 Salicylic acid, 26, 965 in horse urine, 96 (metabolite), 362, 763, 967 quantification in plasma, 26 Salicylic acid acetate, 361 Salicylideneisonicotinohydrazide, 966 Salicylosalicylic acid, 967 Salicyluric acid, 362, 966 Saligel, 965 Salinazid, 966 Salipran, 376 Salisulf, 993... 

Scopolamine methylnitrate, 675 Scopolia, 674 Scopos, 674 SCOT columns, 182 Screening, for diuretics, 32 for drugs of abuse, 27 for laxatives, 32 for solvent abuse, 31 tests on blood, 6 tests on stomach contents, 5 tests on urine, 4 Scuroforme, 419 S-Diazine, 982 S-Dimidine, 984 SDMO, 991 SE-30, 180 Sea-legs, 724 Sebizon, 981 Secadrex, 309, 663 Secbutobarbital, 967 Secbutobarbitone, 967 Secbutobarbitone sodium, 968 Seclodin, 677 Secobarbital, 951 Secobarbital sodium, 951... 

Trimtabs, 876 Trimysten, 487 Trinamide, 979, 982, 992 Trinder s reagent, 1171 Trinder s test, on blood, 6... 

Uragoga ipecacuanha, 437, 581 Urantoin, 816 Urastrat, 1171 Urbadan,475 Urbanyl, 475 Urbason, 772 Urea, 1058 test on blood, 6 Urea herbicides, 79 Ureaphil, 1058 Urecholine, 393 Ureidophenylarsonic acid, 429 Urethan, 1059 Urethane, 1059 Ureum, 1058 Urex, 654... 

Silvergleid AJ, Kott TJ. Impact of cytomegalovirus testing on blood collection facilities. Vox Sang 1983 44(2) 102-5. 

Skin prick and intradermal tests, with increasing concentrations of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin, and histamine release tests on blood basophils with hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin were negative in the second and third patients. 

Despotis GJ, Joist JH, Goodnough LT. Monitoring of hemostasis in cardiac surgical patients impact of point-of-care testing on blood loss and transfusion outcomes. Clin Chem 1997 43 1684-96. 

Table 1 Common tests on blood performed away from the laboratory...

These relatively easy and inexpensive tests on blood and urine can be used to determine which tissues need to be studied more extensively to diagnose and treat the patient s problem. A solid understanding of fuel metabolism helps in the interpretation of these simple tests. 

Measurement of the thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine has for many years been a useful supplement to thyroid function tests on blood. While thyroid uptake tests are not usually part of the services oflFered by a clinical chemistry department, they should always be considered in relation to the clinical chemistry tests, and therefore a brief discussion on them is relevant in this review. 

In addition, separate groups of male and female rats (six per sex per group) were fed diets containing 197, 1966 and 3932 mg/kg of the flavour cocktail for a period of 6 weeks. A control group of 12 male and 12 female rats was maintained on a basal diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the 6-week period, all animals were killed, and organ weight measurements and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed. Biochemical tests on blood and urine were conducted on this... 

Forensic Genetics. Forensic genetics is the use of human genetics in criminal or paternity cases. For example, DNA testing on blood, saliva, or other tissue can be used to determine the source of evidence, such as blood stains or semen, left at a crime scene. Forensic DNA analysis is also used to determine paternity and other kinship. Finally, with the increasing use of forensic genetics since the 1990 s, some incarcerated prisoners have been released after it was clearly determined that they could not possibly have been guilty of crimes they were convicted of, as DNA evidence eliminated them from suspicion. 

Alcohol. The number of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUl) cases reflects the enormity of the dmnken driving problem in the United States (9). Tests to measure blood alcohol concentration are conducted on blood, urine, or breath (10). In the case of urine and breath, the alcohol concentration measured is reported in terms of the equivalent blood alcohol concentration. Most states in the United States presume that a person is under the influence of alcohol with respect to driving a motor vehicle at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10%, ie, an ethanol concentration >10 g/100 mL of blood. Some states maintain a lower necessary concentration of 0.08%. In some European countries levels are as low as 0.05%. A blood alcohol concentration of 0.10% in a 68-kg (150-lb) person is the equivalent of about four drinks of 80 proof alcohoHc beverage or four 340-g (12-oz) beers in the body at the time of the test (see Beer Beverage spirits, distilled Wine). Ethanol is metabolized at the equivalent rate of about one drink per hour. 

Hematology. The functional status of blood and of the blood-forming tissues can be assessed by tests which include red and white blood cell counts, platelet counts, clotting time, coagulation tests, and examination of bone marrow. Such tests, in addition to detecting abnormahties, may also allow differentiation between primary and secondary effects on blood and blood-forming tissues (75). 

Mice are utilized for testing antiseptics for appHcation to cuts, wounds, and incisions (339). The test bacteria, type 1 pneumococcus and hemolytic streptococcus, ate appHed to the taHs of anaesthetized mice. The tip of the taH is then dipped into the antiseptic for 2 min, after which one-half inch of the taH is removed and inserted into the peritoneal cavity and the incision is closed. If after 10 days the animals survive, the product is considered satisfactory for use as a skin antiseptic. The blood of dead animals is sampled and streaked on blood agar for confirmation of infection from the test bacteria as the cause of death. Since lack of toxicity is another requirement of a product to be appHed to wounds, this test has been combined with a toxicity test (340). 

Application. A stimiihis was tested for its effect on blood pressure. Ten men were selected randomly, and their blood pressure was measured before and after the stimiiliis was administered. It was of interest to determine whether the stimiihis had caused a significant increase in the blood pressure. 

The primary health care provider may also order laboratory and diagnostic tests, renal and hepatic function tests, complete blood count, serum enzymes, and serum electrolytes. The nurse reviews these test results before the first dose is given and reports any abnormalities to the primary health care provider. The patient is usually placed on a cardiac monitor before aiitiarrhytiuiric drug therapy is initiated. The primary health care provider may order an ECG to provide baseline data for comparison during therapy. 

Actual toxicological data are shown in Table 36 [110,111]. Former results and some specialized data including results of tests on warm-blooded organisms,... 

Different conformity assessment options are available, depending on the type of device and the level of associated risk. For lotv-risk devices, the manufacturer can make a declaration of conformity based solely on self-assessment, without the need for the involvement of a Notified Body. For all other devices Notified Bodies are required to perform one or more of the tasks outlined in Table 10.2. HIV and hepatitis tests and blood grouping tests represent the highest risk devices, as they are critical to ensuring the safety of blood and blood products. For example, a defective HIV test device could result in widespread infection in an unsuspecting population, whereas the detrimental effects ofan AIMD or a Class III device failure will just be confined to the individuals treated by the device. At this end of the risk spectrum. Notified Bodies are required to verify the applied quality system, the specific device design, and the... 

Even the police make use of acids and bases to catch criminals. For example, forensic scientists can compare soil pH found at a crime scene with trace amounts of soil found on a tire tread or shoe bottom. They also use a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and phenolphthalein called Kastle-Meyer solution to test for blood. Kastle-Meyer solution is used at a crime scene when crime scene specialists find spots they suspect could be dried blood. The solution turns bright pink in the presence of blood. If the spots turn out to be something else, such as dried tomato sauce or reddish-brown paint, the Kastle-Meyer solution remains colorless. 

Lee BN Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA Test effect of lead on blood pressure (Bp) in three different strains of rats with different genetic susceptibility to the development of hypertension Department of Veterans Affairs, Research and Development... 

---