Terpene tackifier

Special PE formulations, including ionomers and poly(terpene) tackifiers have been presented (18). The individual components are melt blended in an extruder. 

Wood turpentine, also from tree stumps, is the source of another important group of tackifiers. Cationic polymerization of dipentene and a- and jS-pinene, the major constituents of turpentine, yields the terpene tackifiers (Fig. 3). 

Terpene-based hydrocarbon resins are typically based on natural products such as a-pinene, P-pinene, and ti-limonene [5989-27-5] which are obtained from the wood and citms industries, respectively. These resins, which were originally the preferred tackifiers for natural mbber appHcations, possess similar properties to aHphatic petroleum resins, which were developed later. Terpene-based resins have been available since the mid-1930s and are primarily used in the adhesives industry. 

Heteroatom functionalized terpene resins are also utilized in hot melt adhesive and ink appHcations. Diels-Alder reaction of terpenic dienes or trienes with acrylates, methacrylates, or other a, P-unsaturated esters of polyhydric alcohols has been shown to yield resins with superior pressure sensitive adhesive properties relative to petroleum and unmodified polyterpene resins (107). Limonene—phenol resins, produced by the BF etherate-catalyzed condensation of 1.4—2.0 moles of limonene with 1.0 mole of phenol have been shown to impart improved tack, elongation, and tensile strength to ethylene—vinyl acetate and ethylene—methyl acrylate-based hot melt adhesive systems (108). Terpene polyol ethers have been shown to be particularly effective tackifiers in pressure sensitive adhesive appHcations (109). 

Pressure sensitive adhesives typically employ a polymer, a tackifier, and an oil or solvent. Environmental concerns are moving the PSA industry toward aqueous systems. Polymers employed in PSA systems are butyl mbber, natural mbber (NR), random styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR), and block copolymers. Terpene and aUphatic resins are widely used in butyl mbber and NR-based systems, whereas PSAs based on SBR may require aromatic or aromatic modified aUphatic resins. 

Terpene resins, because of their low odor and acceptable FDA clearance, are used as tackifiers for the natural and synthetic gum bases used in chewing gum. Selected petroleum resins are also used as gum bases. 

Other natural product-based resins also became widely used, such as the light colored Lewis acid oligomerized products of terpenes such as a-pinene, p-pinene, and limonene. These natural product resins are relatively expensive, however, and formulators now often use the newer, less expensive synthetic resins in present day natural rubber PSAs. These are termed the aliphatic or C-5 resins and are Lewis acid oligomerized streams of predominately C-5 unsaturated monomers like cis- and /rawi-piperylene and 2-methyl-2-butenc [37]. These resins are generally low color products with compatibility and softening points similar to the natural product resins. Representative products in the marketplace would be Escorez 1304 and Wingtack 95. In most natural rubber PSA formulations, rubber constitutes about 100 parts and the tackifier about 75-150 parts. 

The other class of acrylic compatible tackifiers includes those based on ter-penes. Terpenes are monomers obtained by wood extraction or directly from pine tree sap. To make the polyterpene tackifiers, the monomers have to be polymerized under cationic conditions, typically with Lewis acid catalysis. To adjust properties such as solubility parameter and softening point, other materials such as styrene, phenol, limonene (derived from citrus peels), and others may be copolymerized with the terpenes. 

Tackifiers. Resins are generally added to adjust the desired tack. In general, resins must be used with plasticizers to obtain a good balance between tack and cohesive strength. Typical tackifiers are polyterpenes, although hydrocarbon resins and modified rosins and rosin esters can also be used. In some cases, terpene-phenolics or phenol-formaldehyde resins are added to increase adhesion. 

Standard-grade PSAs are usually made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber, or blends thereof in solution. In addition to rubbers, polyacrylates, polymethylacrylates, polyfvinyl ethers), polychloroprene, and polyisobutenes are often components of the system ([198], pp. 25-39). These are often modified with phenolic resins, or resins based on rosin esters, coumarones, or hydrocarbons. Phenolic resins improve temperature resistance, solvent resistance, and cohesive strength of PSA ([196], pp. 276-278). Antioxidants and tackifiers are also essential components. Sometimes the tackifier will be a lower molecular weight component of the high polymer system. The phenolic resins may be standard resoles, alkyl phenolics, or terpene-phenolic systems ([198], pp. 25-39 and 80-81). Pressure-sensitive dispersions are normally comprised of special acrylic ester copolymers with resin modifiers. The high polymer base used determines adhesive and cohesive properties of the PSA. 

Terpene resins are most commonly used in adhesive production, where they confer very strong tackifying properties. The terpene resins improve the resistance of adhesives to oxidative degradation. These resins are normally produced from p-pinene and are light yellow in colour. Polymers of dipentene and limonene are also available as resins. 

Piccofyn . [Hocules] Terpene hydrocarbon resin used as tackifiers in adhesives and rubber conqxling. in laminating agents, plastics modification, paints, varnishes, and printing inks. 

Zonatac . [Arizona] Terpene hydrocarbon resins thermoplastic tackifying resins for a esives and coatings. 

The vibration damping capability of such systems as PA modified with an elastomer, modified polyolefin, or modified PS, are useful for the engine covers. Tackifiers such as cumarone resin, terpene resin or petroleum resin could be included in the blend formulation along with glass fibers. 

Tackifying and adhesion-promoting resins (e.g., hydrocarbon, rosin esters, coumarone-indene, terpene resins)... 

Uses Terpene resin for pressure-sensitive and hot-melt adhesives, paint vehicles, textile dry sizes, and waterproofing agents tackifier for nat. rubber... 

Uses Terpene resin in pressure-sensitive and hot-melt adhesives, paint vehicles, textile dry sizes, waterproofing agents tackifier for nat. rubber Properties Gardner 2 color sp.gr. 0.94-0.99 melt vise. 145 C (10 poises) soften, pt. (R B) 85 C acid no. < 1 sapon. no. < 2 flash pt. (COC) > 450 F... 

Hydrogenated rosin Methyl rosinate Methylstyrene/vinyltoluene copolymer Paraffin, chlorinated Pentaerythrityl hydrogenated rosinate Pentaerythrityl rosinate Polybutene Polydipentene Polyvinyl methyl ether Rosin Sorbeth-20 Terpene resin tackifier, adhesives EVA-based Dipentene-styrene resin tackifier, adhesives rubber-based Dipentene-styrene resin tackifier, amorphous polyolefins C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic tackifier, antifouling paints Methyl hydrogenated rosinate tackifier, butyl rubbers C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic tackifier, caulks C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic tackifier, cement... 

Glyceryl hydrogenated rosinate Glyceryl rosinate Terpene resin tackifier, coatings heat-sealable Hydrogenated rosin... 

C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic Terpene resin tackifier, emulsion adhesives Hydroabietyl alcohol tackifier, ethylcellulose Hydroabietyl alcohol tackifier, EVA... 

C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic tackifier, hot-melt adhesives C5 hydrocarbon resin, aliphatic Hydroabietyl alcohol Terpene resin... 

Specific interactions in binary blends of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with various low molecular weight terpene-phenol tackifying resins (TPR) were systematically investigated, as a function of the composition of the blend and of the electron acceptor ability of the resin, by using attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy. Molecular acid-base were evidenced between TPR hydroxyl groups and EVA carbonyl groups. Quantitative information on the fraction of acid-base bonded entities, the enthalpy and equilibrium constant of pair formation were obtained. A crystalline transition of the EVA copolymer was observed and discussed in terms of enthalpy and entropy considerations based on FTIR and calorimetric DSC investigations. Fundamental results are then summarised to predict the interfacial reactivity of such polymer blends towards acid or basic substrates. 16 refs. 

The plasticizer is selected from esters of citric acid or benzoic acid. Further a tackifying resin can be added. The tackifier may be a rosin derivative, a terpene derivative, poly(lactic acid), or poly(hydroxy-valerate butyrate) (1). 

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