Poly hydroxy valerate

Synthetic or man-made, e.g., PVAl, CA, polylactams e.g., polycaprolactam), polyglycols (e.g., polyethylene glycol), poly(aspartic acid), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate), as well as poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) or PHB, poly(P-hydroxybutyric acid) or PHBA, poly(hydroxy-valerate) or PHV, poly(lactic acid) or PLA, polyCglycolic acid), polyglycolides, polybu-tyric acid, their copolymers and mixtures. 

The plasticizer is selected from esters of citric acid or benzoic acid. Further a tackifying resin can be added. The tackifier may be a rosin derivative, a terpene derivative, poly(lactic acid), or poly(hydroxy-valerate butyrate) (1). 

Phenoxy Polyhydroxyether of bisphenol-A PHV Poly(hydroxy valerate)... 

Most of the papers on PHA fibres deal with poly(hydroxybutyrate). Although sometimes a copolymer of PHB with a low amount of poly(hydroxy valerate) is also referred to as PHB in the literature quoted in this review such inconsistency is not expected. The reason for not using PHBV may consist in the fact that the copolymer has a much lower crystallinity and consequently, also, modulus is lower compared to PHB. Thus, the processing to fibres may be more difficult because of low crystalline content and also the properties of the fibres may be expected to be less impressive. Moreover, PHBV itself is much tougher compared to PHB, but also more expensive, so that the need of an improvement of toughness via drawing is not crucial while the price may be prohibitive if the expected modest improvement in the properties of fibres is considered. 

PHBV Poly-hydroxy-valerate PLA Poly lactic acid... 

Throughout the 1990s a large portion of the research and development effort for hot melt adhesives focused on developing adhesives that are either environmentally friendly or functional [69,81,82]. Environmentally friendly attributes include biodegradability, water dispersibility (repulpability), renewability, and water releasability. Biodegradable adhesives have been developed based on starch esters [83-86] and polyesters such as poly (hydroxy butyrate/hydroxy valerate) [87], poly(lactide) [88-91], and poly(hydroxy ether esters) [92-94]. All but the... 

Composites of granular starch with poly(hydroxy alkanoates) (PHAs) have been extensively studied. PHAs are produced as energy storage polymers by a wide range of microorganisms. Poly(hydroxy butyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) copolymers have been commercialized. These copolymers are completely biodegradable, but currently are several times more costly than commodity polymers such as PE and PS. Because of its low cost, starch is an attractive filler for these materials. 

Wang used reactive-extrusion polymerization with 2,5-di-methyl-2,5-di-t-bu-tylperoxy hexane to prepared a graft copolymer, (11), by free radically grafting polyethylene-glycol malonic acid onto the biodegradable substrate of poly((3-hydroxybutyrate-co- p-hydroxy valerate). 

Specifically, 70-30 parts poly(hydroxy-butyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (4 mol% valerate) or polyhydroxybutyrate was mixed with 30-70 parts PCL in an internal mixer at 100° or 160°C in the presence of 0-0.5 parts DCP or DBP radical initiator. Blends were characterized by SEM, mechanical properties, selective solvent extraction, and FTIR. 

Higher molecular weight PHB and its copolymers with poly(3-hydroxy-valerate) (PHV) can be synthesized from racemic P-butyrolactone and P Valerolactone, using an oligomeric alumoxane catalyst. These polyesters, with only partial stereoregularity, are less susceptible to enzymatic degradation than the bacterial ones. Polyhydroxy-butyrate-valerate (PHBV) is produced by Monsanto as Biopol . 

Biopol (purchased from Zeneca Ltd. of ICI by Monsanto Co.) Poly-hydroxy butyrate valerate (PHBV) prepared from glucose by fermentation. The resins are used for extrusion coating, bottles, cutlery, toothbrushes, etc. 

Poly(hydroxy alkanoate), PHA, [poly(hydroxy butyrate) PHB, poly(hydroxyl valerate) PHV]... 

Han, I., et al., 2007. Effect of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) nanofiber matrices cocultured with hair follicular epithelial and dermal cells for biological wound dressing. Artificial Organs 31 (11), 801—808. 

Bacterial polyesters (polyhydroxy alkanoates) Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate), poly(3-hydroxy valerate) Some micro-organisms, especially bacteria, can synthesise biocompatible aliphatic polyesters, which have potential in medical applications. 

Scandola M, CeccomUi G, Doi Y (1990) Viscoelastic relaxations and thermal properties of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvaleiate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Int J Biol Macromol 12 112—117 Scharlemann JPW, Laurance WF (2008) How green are biofuels Sdence 319 43-44 Senior PJ, Dawes EA (1973) The regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azotobacter beiqerinckii. Biochem J 134 225—238 Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A (2010) Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-valerate) by a newly isolated Actinomadura sp. AF-555, from sod. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 64 281-285... 

Ammonia negative DCI mass spectrum of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate). (Reprinted from Ref. 23.)... 

Production of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-valerate with Alcaligenes latus DSM1124 on Various Carbon Sources... 

Chen, C.W., Trong-Ming, D. and Hsiao-Feng, Y. (2006) Enzymatic extruded starch as a carbon source for kiothe production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) by Haloferaxmediterranei. Process... 

The functional architecture of this class of PHA copolymers is substantially different from that of more familiar types of PHAs, such as poly[(/ )-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) homopolymer or poly[(/ )-3-hydroxybutyrate-c<9-(/ )-3-hydroxy valerate] (PHBV) copolymer. The size of the side groups in the conventional PHAs is limited only to short-side-chain types with no more than two carbon atoms. Although PHAs with only one or two carbon side groups may be viewed essentially as linear polymers, PHA copolymers with mcl side groups belong to a broad class of moderately branched polymers. The inclusion of a small amount of mcl-3HA units into the PHA polymer backbone leads to some profound changes in important physical properties of this class of copolymers. 

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