Terms of payment

Put shorter terms of payment on the invoice. The debtor may choose to ignore this, but at least he may then be contacted earlier. This creates pressure, which should on the whole result in earlier payment. 

On the other hand, the domestic and international buyers of business and government products are hundreds of hard-nosed professional buyers, who buy in large quantities at regular intervals or by long-term contracts, who have access to technical experts with instruments to measure the quality and performance of the products, have the time and motivation to do comparison shopping, and can exert enormous influence on the sellers, including of prices and terms of payment, of product design... 

There is flexibility in terms of payment to the pharmacy. For example, members required to pay the full cost of the drug to their pharmacy and submit paper claims for reimbursement receive the benefit of the contracted pharmacy s discounted rate, or, conversely, pay a 5 copayment per prescription, with the pharmacy s POS system handling claims processing automatically. 

Contracts of supply should exist for all computer systems acquired from external suppliers. The contract should include terms and conditions to dehne individual responsibihties, the assigmnent of responsibilities to third parties, conhdentiality, intellectual property rights (IPR), and terms of payment. It is very important that infringements, liabilities, and insurance are also covered, and it is determined how these are affected by circumstances outside the control of the customer and the supplier. Contract details should be reviewed during Supplier Audits as appropriate. Contract documentation should be retained as specifically required by some regulatory requirements in support of validation. 

To evaluate the relative worth of any capital cost impacts which do not show up in the item prices. These may for instance include costs of transport, erection and commissioning, associated foundations, electrical reticulation, instrumentation and control gear, and pipework. Normally the parallel commercial appraisal, excluded from this scope, will include such factors as impact of terms of payment, duties and taxes, foreign exchange, import/export permit availability, and terms of contract. The interface between the engineering and commercial appraisals needs to be co-ordinated. 

Note Apart from the purchase price, the terms of payment are an important component of contract negotiations. 

In practical terms, a company can foUow the trends ia its markets on a monthly or quarterly basis. Changes ia customer patterns ia terms of quantities, grades, or payment alert management to seek causative factors and take appropriate action. 

Debt Payments. The method of making principal and interest payments is determined by the terms of the loan agreement. 

Hire-purchase. Normally for periods of up to three or five years. The ownership of the goods remains with the finance company until the installment payments are complete and a final option to buy is exercised. Payments remain fixed throughout the term of the agreement with a predetermined unchanging rate of interest included. 

Managed healthcare systems also have interests in reductionist definitions of disease. The payment and reimbursement structures of Health Management Organizations (HMOs) require that conditions be identified and coded in terms of a predefined list of syndromes with pre-established measures of cost and risk. Calling for evidence-based medicine , HMOs are more likely to reimburse conditions that are defined as biological because diagnosis appears objective. 

We define the co-insurance rate or co-payment rate as the (fixed) percentage of the sum that insurees are required to pay out of their own pocket at the moment of purchase. For example, in Spain it is 40 per cent for the employed and for the great majority of listed pharmaceuticals. Some authors use the term co-payment to mean the fixed sum per package that is paid by the user, independently of the price. 

Furthermore, the price elasticities of demand for pharmaceuticals are likely to differ depending on individuals income. If low-income households have a more price-elastic demand, an increase in co-payment will cause them to make a proportionally larger reduction in their pharmaceutical consumption than high-income households. The same thing could happen if we make the comparison in terms of levels of health. We are faced with equity problems, to which we will return below. 

Solution If operating costs are to be stated in terms of dollars per year, then the capital costs must be stated in the same units. Because the funds required for the insulation are to be paid back in equal installments over a period of 5 years, the payment per year is r(C0 + Cxx)A. The energy savings due to insulation can be calculated from the difference between Q(x = 0) = Q0, and Q ... 

Equation (3.2c) can be rearranged to give present value in terms of future value, that is, the present value of one future payment F at period n... 

Note that the effect is defined almost completely in terms of attributes of the retailer rather than by parameters that would otherwise be unrelated to retailer attributes. Some of these attributes may even correspond to local variables within the retailer s implementation, in which the product, quantity, and payment due are stored after step 4. The particular set of items transferred has been modeled as an output because the specific items can be determined by the wholesaler in ways not specified here, provided they are of the right product and quantity. 

Several issues with the single swap approach are discussed hy Nell (1998 208-9), including its failure to deal with how productivity improvements might speed up turnover, and its exaggeration of the expense incurred hy firms in terms of interest payments. 

Lack of access to medicines and inappropriate doses result in serious morbidity and mortality, particularly for childhood infections and chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, epilepsy and mental disorders. Inappropriate use and over-use of medicines waste resources - often out-of-pocket payments by patients - and result in significant patient harm in terms of poor patient outcomes and adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, over-use of antimicrobials is leading to increased antimicrobial resistance and non-sterile injections to the transmission of hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne diseases. Finally, irrational over-use of medicines can stimulate inappropriate patient demand, and lead to reduced access and attendance rates due to medicine stock-outs and loss of patient confidence in the health system. 

Once a patent is granted (or issued ) it will remain in force subject to payment of renewal fees. Typically, the duration of a patent is twenty years from the filing date. In general the patent monopoly extends until the expiry of the patent. However, in the European Union and some other European countries, and in the USA and elsewhere, there are provisions for extending the term of protection for a specific approved medical product which is covered by a patent when there have been delays in obtaining regulatory approval. For example, in European Union countries a supplementary protection... 

In terms of typology and categorisation, in many cases the supplier of the chemical substances retains the ownership of the chemical whereas the applicant usually retains the ownership of the application plant. So it seems that in general the core competences of the partners involved are maintained while they are embedded in an umbrella model based on a case-specific unit of payment. 

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