International buyers

On the other hand, the domestic and international buyers of business and government products are hundreds of hard-nosed professional buyers, who buy in large quantities at regular intervals or by long-term contracts, who have access to technical experts with instruments to measure the quality and performance of the products, have the time and motivation to do comparison shopping, and can exert enormous influence on the sellers, including of prices and terms of payment, of product design... 

When negotiating, it is unwise for the seller to offer what cannot ultimately be delivered. It is also an error not to fully explain precisely what is and what is not being offered for the sum required. To assume that each party knows and works under the same rules is an invitation to disaster. (This is especially true when marketing internationally. Buyers from one part of the world seldom have the same viewpoint, negotiating techniques, or commercial interpretations as sellers from the opposite side of the globe.)... 

Since the lack of information on product chemistry and quality can affect its market access and limit prices received in cormtry of origin, we propose the initial and selected standards for Griffonia seeds as presented in Table 111, to strengthen the relatiorrship between the eolleetors, proeessors and exporters and to provide clartiy and produet definition to the international buyers and users. 

See the references to the three types of E-Business Applications (Seller/ Internal/Buyer) in Strategy Tools and Techniques (chapter 2). 

Formal contracts are widely used in their purchasing and selling activities (relationship 4 and 5). Similar as processing companies, guanxi is also an important influencer for the transactions in international markets. Pollution Free Food or Green Food is required by the international buyers. 

International Buyer s Guide, Personal Care Products Council, Washington, D.C., updated twice... 

Brazil continues to be a regular importer of lead scrap from the EEC and USA, although the volume traded has declined recently, due to falling domestic refined production. A number of South and South East Asian countries are also important international buyers of lead scrap and this trade, conversely, has expanded greatly over the last few years. Major importers include South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and India. The main suppliers are Australia, Japan, Europe and the USA, but there is also a relatively small volume of intra-Asian trade. 

The Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) presses for GMP adherence. Tanzanian firms either have attained locally acceptable GMP standards or are working towards them with TFDA support. Manufacturers agreed that TFDA required standards rise over time, just as do the standards achieved by international competitors and the expectations of international buyers. None, when interviewed, had WHO prequalification of individual products to allow them to tender for donor-funded contracts. 

Company practices differ in who does purchasing research and how it is done. Several patterns are evident. The chemical buyer is responsible for preparing the purchase profiles, possibly with in-house Hbrary assistance. Market research analysts are assigned to the purchasing department and prepare some or all of the profiles needed. Outside consultants are used to prepare some of the purchase profiles or as a check on internal procedures and conclusions. 

The quahty of various grades of castor oil have been prescribed by the International Castor Oil Association, Inc. (ICOAI). Specifications prescribed for the triglyceride oil derived from a plant of the genus Acinus communis are shown in Table 4. The International Castor Oil Association, Inc. has also estabUshed chemical properties to be used in the event of a dispute between buyer and seller as to the purity of the oil. These specifications are given in Table 5. 

Ensuring that the policy is relevant to the expectations and needs of the organization s customers is a little more difficult. Companies need to predict what their customer expectations and needs are (now a requirement in clause 4.1.4 under Business plans). They may be beyond what they specify in contracts although they may in fact be identical to such specifications. For companies to create satisfied customers they not only need to meet requirements specified by the customer but meet national and international legislation and have consideration for the needs and expectations of society. As explained in Part 1 Chapter 1 on Quality characteristics, customers are not only the buyers but comprise several other interested parties. You need to provide a means of determining what the customer expectations and needs are and then subject the written quality policy to a review against those expectations and needs to determine if there is any conflict. As part of your business planning procedure you should indicate how you determine your customer s current and future needs and expectations. 

In general, economic inefficiency in resource allocation would be the result of a divergence between private benefits or costs and social benefits or costs, i.e. the result of externalities. Private costs (or internal costs) are directly taken by the buyer. Private costs for a transport user would, for example, include expenses for wear and tear, energy cost of vehicle use, transport fares, taxes and charges, as well as welfare effects such as own time costs. 

Marquez, AC, Blanchar C (2004) The procurement of strategic parts. Analysis of contracts with suppliers using a system dynamics simulation model. International Journal of Production Economics 88 (1) 29-49 Mason S (2002) Simulation software buyer s guide. HE Solutions May 45-51 McAfee R, McMillan J (1987) Auctions and Bidding. Journal of Economic Literature 25 699-738... 

Most opinion polls show that the motorist s infatuation with automobiles does not include internal-combustion engines. Many drivers would trade in their current car for an electric vehicle, if it could perform as well and not cost any more. One poll of California new car buyers conducted by the University of California at Davis in 1995 found that almost half would buy an electric vehicle over a gasoline car, but they wanted a 300-mile range and a more reasonable price. 

In Cuba and the Central American countries, russeting represents no particular problem, as they produce fruit only for the internal market and the buyers are accustomed to it. In fact, many of the buyers prefer it, under the impression that it is sweeter—a belief that is not without foundation, since the rust mites tend to destroy the resistance of the peel to water loss, resulting in a more concentrated juice through the evaporation of water from the fruit. However, rust mites tend to reduce fruit sizes and also the size of the crop, so control is desirable. 

The waterside of all cooling systems must be kept clean and operating efficiently. They must also look clean. No matter how clean and efficient the internal waterways are, if the cooling tower appearance is dirty or poorly maintained, the buyer s perception will be that the cooling water treatment program is probably suspect. Perception is reality ... 

The development of customer accounts on a multisite, national, or international basis improves vendor revenues and limits competition. The largest vendors employ this strategy to eliminate those competitors who lack the financial or people resources to undertake water treatment contracts on such a scale. The long-term vendor benefits, when dealing with poor buyers, is that successful vendors can control significant commercial information, limiting the abilities of competitors to bid effectively in subsequent contracts and effectively creating a monopoly. 

NOTE Buyers buy when the seller fully understands what operational problems exist, what technical solutions can be offered, what products and services the existing vendor (competitor) uses, the ballpark prices currently charged, the customer s company culture, what internal politics affect the buying mechanism, and who the decision makers are. It is at this point the seller pitches the company s products and services accordingly. 

Mostly UK addresses are given in this list. The International Directory (Buyers Guide) is an invaluable source for addresses of companies in other countries, and is available from International Scientific Communications, Inc. 808 Kings Highway, PO Box 827, Fairfield, Connecticut, 06430-0827, USA. 

In this example, internal consistency, over time, can suffice to assure production, with minimal analytical cost, of acceptable alloy. Indeed, portions of previous batches which have yielded high-quality materials and products can serve as measurement standards without the need for traceability to SI or national standards. Measurement traceability to a higher laboratory may be useful in attaining certain objectives, such as inter-plant comparisons and reaching agreement between producer and buyer laboratories, but, it is not essential to immediate quality assurance for production in a single plant. 

The Food Chemicals Codex has earned international recognition by manufacturers, vendors, and users of food chemicals. The specifications herein serve as the basis for many buyer and seller contractual agreements. 

The nondestructive test required by API 5L paragraph 9.1 (a) shall be performed for final acceptance after expansion and hydrostatic testing. Any nondestructive examinations performed prior to. this shall be for the mills internal quality control and subject to the buyers mill representative s review. 

Pipe shall be furnished mill coated inside and outside or bare with no lacquer or oil on either the ends or the body of the pipe, except for the necessary markings prescribed above. A light coat of clear lacquer may be sprayed over the stencil area only on bare pipe. If the pipe is coated at the mill, the internal coating shall meet the requirements of API RP 5L2 (list current revision) and the external coating shall meet the requirements of the buyer s specification. 

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