Commercial appraisal

To evaluate the relative worth of any capital cost impacts which do not show up in the item prices. These may for instance include costs of transport, erection and commissioning, associated foundations, electrical reticulation, instrumentation and control gear, and pipework. Normally the parallel commercial appraisal, excluded from this scope, will include such factors as impact of terms of payment, duties and taxes, foreign exchange, import/export permit availability, and terms of contract. The interface between the engineering and commercial appraisals needs to be co-ordinated. 

Introduction and Commercial Application JUe objective of performing appraisal activities on discovered accumulations is to reduce the uncertainty in the description of the hydrocarbon reservoir, and to provide information with which to make a decision on the next action. The next action may be, for example, to undertake more appraisal, to commence development, to stop activities, or to sell the prospect. In any case, the appraisal activity should lead to a decision which yields a greater value than the outcome of a decision made in the absence of the information from the appraisal. The improvement in the value of the action, given the appraisal information, should be greater than the cost of the appraisal activities, otherwise the appraisal effort is not worthwhile. 

The objective of appraisal activity is not necessarily to prove more hydrocarbons. For example, appraisal activity which determines that a discovery is non-commercial should be considered as worthwhile, since it saves a financial loss which would have been incurred if development had taken place without appraisal. 

R D Focus. This database service [66] provides information on over 7000 drugs in active development. The service monitors the development, efficacy, and status of pharmaceuticals from early clinical testing through to launch. Data are gathered through direct contact with manufacturers and research organizations. It appraises both the scientific and commercial aspects of drug development and is searchable by product, by phase, by mechanism of action, and by country. R D Focus product is commercially available in several formats. 

A process or facility fit assessment needs to be performed and involves translating the transferring site s process into a fit-for-purpose process within the manufacturing facility (Worsham, 2010). A comprehensive appraisal of the process requirements versus facility capabilities should be performed. This can help avoid unanticipated issues, which could lead to either unexpected delays and/or hidden costs at a later stage. Any changes to the process to accommodate the needs of the facility could result in additional process validation requirements. Therefore, changes should be constrained to the absolute minimum, but may be still required to facilitate a commercially viable process. 

This chapter attempts to explain some of the economic and commercial inflnences that affect the development of biocatalysts into snccessful mannfacturing processes and products. In this respect, biocatalysts are not special, and are subject to just the same effects as any other developing technology. In this chapter, 1 attempt to discuss many of these important influences, such as process costing, sensitivity analysis and product profitability appraisal. 1 would especially like to emphasise the following points ... 

In order to make the best possible use of valuable financial and other resources, and to minimise the uncertainty involved in making irreversible decisions, appraisal techniques are vitally important. These can be technical, legal, regulatory, commercial or financial in nature, for instance market forecasting and patent protection. Critical path analysis is... 

Appraisal techniques help to balance the elements of technical push and market pull . Despite some of the Jargon used, many of these concepts are quite simple and so these techniques were probably first estabhshed in radimentary forms when the first commercial activities began. 

Financial appraisal techniques are a vitally important aspect of commercial biotechnology, but it is often very difficult to gather authentic data to illustrate the... 

Some measurements were taken to appraise the intensity of irradiation along the length of the chute. These are shown in the graph at the bottom of Figure 1. The intensity is more uniform than might be expected. However, the data are incomplete since the whole length was not examined. It was expected that a commercial installation will have quite different geometry, and therefore, its distribution will be more relevant. 

These strategies capitalize on the perturbation of an equilibrium system and the measure of the return of the system to equilibrium they are valuable because they apply almost universally to solutions and can shed light on the multi-step association process. Unfortunately they are technologically demanding and expensive even when commercially available. Additionally, only very experienced and capable practitioners can exploit the potential of these strategies since ion-pairing is detected by the observation and appraisal of new features in spectra. 

The prospects for this resource have been known for over 100 years and research on the production of oil and gas from this type of rock has been conducted since the resource was first discovered. However, a commercial retort that would produce synthetic fossil fuel products in amounts comparable with the traditional sources of these products has never been built in the United States. The current technological interest in oil shale is the third time this resource has had such an intensive appraisal. Because of energy and mineral shortages, the prospects for development appear favorable. However, during the current appraisal, environmental considerations have been added to the questions to be answered before this new industry is developed. Consequently, recovery of fuel from oil shale is one of a few industrial processes which permits... 

Most independent power projects which compete in these markets are financed off-balance sheet ie they rely on debt provided by banks and similar fmancial institutions to provide 70-85 per cent of the project s funding. The banks will require all risks associated with the project to be identified and mitigated or accepted by others they will have a thorough appraisal of the project s technical and commercial aspects conducted by indqjendent engineers and lawyers with all due diligence . 

The nitrogen isotherms discussed in this paper were determined on two representative porous carbons with the aid of commercial automated equipment and the manufacturer s software was used for the pore structure analysis. This approach has provided a basis for a critical appraisal of a number of readily available data processing procedures. 

In addition to the torsion plastograph mentioned above, a number of other methods are used for appraising the properties of plastic bodies in practice. Plastic strength (rigidity) is determined by means of the Rebinder penetrometer which measures the depth of penetration of a cone forced into the body under constant load. The respective quantity is related to yield point. The commercial Brabender plastograph measures the resistance of mixture to kneading. The extrusion viscometer, from which the material is extruded under pressure, is analogous to flow-out viscometers. 

Buchman AL. Glutamine Commercially essential or conditionally essential A critical appraisal of the human data. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 74 25-32. 

These purchases were made because of the need for a broad framework of commercial experience in the chemical field against which to appraise the products of research. 

The chemistry of 1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, and other heterocycles containing the sulfamide (—NHSO2NH—) fragment, have been reviewed by Spanish workers who have been extremely active in this field <88AHC(44)81>. 1,2,6-Thiadiazines, and their benzologues, other than the S,S-dioxides have also been reviewed <90AHC(50)255>. The herbicidal activity of 3-isopropyl-1/7-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3//)-one 2,2-dioxide (Bentazone 6, R = CHMej), an important commercial product has been appraised <89Cl(M)30>. 

In appraising the overall route for commercialization, we determined that the residual osmium was the key concern, potentially risking contamination of multipurpose equipment in the kilo laboratory... 

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