Payments

There can be an element of maintenance costs that is fixed and an element which is variable. Fixed maintenance costs cover routine maintenance such as regular maintenance on safety valves which must be carried out irrespective of the rate of production. There also can be an element of maintenance costs which is variable. This arises from the fact that certain items of equipment can need more maintenance as the production rate increases. Also, royalties which cover the cost of purchasing another company s process technology may have different bases. Royalties may be a variable cost, since they can sometimes be paid in proportion to the rate of production. Alternatively, the royalty might be a single-sum payment at the beginning of the project. In this case, the single-sum payment will become part of the project s capital investment. As such, it will be included in the annual capital repayment, and this becomes part of the fixed cost. 

Take the capital cost and spread it as a series of equal annual payments A made at the end of each year over n years. The first payment gains interest over (n — 1) years, and its future value after (n - 1) years is... 

The future worth of the second annual payment after (n - 2) years is... 

During loading and unloading of crude oil tankers, the specific gravity of the crude is measured to confirm it meets the specifications for the case where payment is made on a barrel basis, or when the volume is converted into weight if the transaction is based on a price per ton (Hayward et al., 1980). 

Lump Sum contract contractor manages and executes specified work to an agreed delivery date for a fixed price. Penalties may be due for late completion of the work, and this provides an incentive for timely completion. Payment may be staged when agreed milestones are reached. 

For any one case, say the base case, the project cashflow is constructed by calculating on an annual basis the revenue items (the payments received by the project) and then subtracting the expenditure items (the payments made by the project capex, opex and host government take). For each year the balance is the annual cash surplus (or cash deficit). Flence, on an annual basis... 

Payment i, Hoiden H M, Whittacker M, Yohn C B, Lorenz M, Hoimes K C and Miiiigan R A 1993 Structure of the actin-myosin compiex and its impiications for muscie contraction Science 261 58-65... 

The benefits of alcohol fuels include increased energy diversification in the transportation sector, accompanied by some energy security and balance of payments benefits, and potential air quaUty improvements as a result of the reduced emissions of photochemically reactive products (see Air POLLUTION). The Clean Air Act of 1990 and emission standards set out by the State of California may serve to encourage the substantial use of alcohol fuels, unless gasoline and diesel technologies can be developed that offer comparable advantages. 

Juice factories frequently employ field persons to advise growers on the appHcation of sprays to the growing crops so that residues on harvested fmit are within prescribed limits. They also may sample the crop before harvest for analysis, and coordinate harvesting with factory production schedules. Payment for raw materials is frequently based on specifications that are either official government grades or stated market standards. Official graders may be employed to test each load. 

In practical terms, a company can foUow the trends ia its markets on a monthly or quarterly basis. Changes ia customer patterns ia terms of quantities, grades, or payment alert management to seek causative factors and take appropriate action. 

Protein Content. The protein content of milk can be determined using a variety of methods including gasometric, Kjeldahl, titration, colorimetric, and optical procedures (see Proteins). Because most of the techniques are too cumbersome for routine use in a dairy plant, payment for milk has seldom been made on the basis of its protein content. Dye-binding tests have been appHed to milk for determination of its protein content these are relatively simple to perform and can be carried out in dairy plant laboratories. More emphasis will be given to assessing the nutritional value of milk, and the dependence on fat content as a basis for payment will most likely change. 

Payment of maintenance fees is required at the fourth-, eighth-, and twelfth-year anniversaries of the date of issuance of the patent. The costs of these maintenance fees vary from year to year depending on the regulations of the U.S. PTO. The first maintenance fee tends to be fairly slight, allowing for the further enforcement of the patent with Htde economic burden on the patentee. The second maintenance fee tends to increase the payment from the first maintenance fee by a factor of two. The third maintenance fee tends to be substantial, increasing the payment from the first maintenance fee by a factor of three. 

The patentee should develop and implement a poHcy for auditing its patent portfoHo in the process of paying maintenance fees to the U.S. PTO. This practice should also be used to justify the further payment of aimuities to foreign national patent offices. Maintenance fees and aimuities can constitute a substantial portion of funds expended in the protection of patents over a year s time. Further, without a tangible, real commercial value or advantage stemming from the patent, there may be Htde justification for maintaining the patent over its last five years of life. 

United States periodic maintenance payments required for granted patents having file dates later than Dec. 12,1980... 

By substantially reducing the volume of landfill space needed for MSW disposal, WTE can extend the life of a landfill. In fact, most of the revenues that go to WTE plant operators come from the payments for waste disposal services called tipping fees, and not from electric sales. 

When goods consigned to a shipper s warehouse or terminal are damaged, disputes frequentiy arise as to their value. Usually, the carrier contends that shippers should not earn profit on sales not made, and the shipper contends that it should not be required to produce goods merely to recover its costs. Such disputes are sometimes resolved by payment of the sales price less costs not incurred, such as the cost of deHvery from the warehouse to the consignee. 

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