High-income households

Furthermore, the price elasticities of demand for pharmaceuticals are likely to differ depending on individuals income. If low-income households have a more price-elastic demand, an increase in co-payment will cause them to make a proportionally larger reduction in their pharmaceutical consumption than high-income households. The same thing could happen if we make the comparison in terms of levels of health. We are faced with equity problems, to which we will return below. 

Indoor air pollution in urban centers occurs both at the home and in the workplace. It can often pose a greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution, both in developed and developing countries of the Asian region. In particular, women and young children from low-income households are often at significant risk from exposure to high concentrations of pollutants from cooking in poorly ventilated houses. 

In 2006, a much smaller number of households (minus 34 per cent) produced the same amount of opium due to higher yields and sold it for a much higher price compared to 2005. As a consequence, the total value of the national opium production, which increased considerably, was distributed among fewer households. This concentration led to an unusually high average household cash income of US 437 in opium cultivating households in 2006, an increase by 50 per cent compared to 2005. 

The initial projections of 20 years ago have proven to be unrealistic in that reverse osmosis has not caused deserts to bloom, nor does every household contain a reverse osmosis unit to improve the tap water. Yet, the process has been of economic value in providing process water to industry, potable water to high income arid regions and a method of reclaiming municipal and industrial wastes. As of 1985, it was estimated that the worldwide market for reverse osmosis membrane elements (not total systems) was about 50 million. 

By far the most common form of private finance is out-of-pocket payment, made at the time when people seek care and treatment, rather than through a prepayment scheme. Figure 2 shows that out-of-pocket payment in the high-income areas of the world seldom exceeds 20% of the total while it exceeds 90% in some low-income countries. Out-of-pocket payment for health care tends to be both inequitable and inefficient when it plays a major role in health financing there is clear evidence that the burden of payment for health care falls heavily on the poorest households at the time when a family member is sick at these times, income may actually be reduced by illness and it is hkely that the medicines which will be needed will be bought in insufficient quantifies or not at all. 

Figure 8-2. The proportion of U.S. drivers reporting that they drive within the speed limits all the time as a function of age, education, income, and gender. Levels within each category are age 18-25, 26-50, 51+. Education < high school, high school +. Household income <15,000, 15,001-35,000, 35,001+ Gender M, F. Data are based on 1993-1994 surveys. ( ) All differences were statistically significant (fi om Shinar et al.y 2001, with permission from Elsevier).

Major volume and value growths in the future are expected to take place in high-growth markets Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The present consumption for these markets is low. The fabric softener in-home penetration is less than 30% and the consumption is only 7 l/user household/year. For fabric softener use to increase requires a certain economic well being for consumers to spend their income on products that go beyond their basic needs, which is simply cleaning [16]. 

Bartik (2001) concludes that the EITC has affected the labour supply decisions of only 5% of the 20 million households that have received EITC benefits. Consequently, the remaining 95% of the households view the EITC as a pure wage supplement. The take-up rate of the EITC is relatively high, particularly when compared with the firm-based wage subsidies. Eighty per cent of households who live at 100-150% of the poverty level receive EITC. The rate is lower for families with other levels of income. Forty per cent of households with income of less than 50% of poverty receive EITC, whereas no one with an income of 300% of poverty or greater receives the tax credit. 

Fixed power cords are common to machinery and household appliances, but care must be taken to ensure that the cord, strain relief, plug, and terminal block are type-approved and that the proper termination methods and makings are utilized. lEC-type terminal blocks (touch safe) are the preferred method for termination of the incoming power wiring. Other methods of termination are possible, such as for connection directly to circuit breakers, mains disconnect switch, PCBs and tabs/ screws on filters. Refer to the product standard for the alternative methods of input terminations. Solder connections shall not be the only method of fixing and in some cases are not allowed for high current connections. 

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