Definitions and Terms

To interpret a reflectance analysis, the definition of related terms is advantageous. The reflectance (or reflectivity) is defined as 

The maximum reflectance value (7 max) is obtained with a reflectometer using polarized light by rotating any coal particle 360 degrees under the microscope until the maximiun of the overall sample is detected. In the same way, the minimum reflectance (Rmin) can be assessed. 7 max values for coals range up to 

whereas for artificially carbonized substances (e.g., coke, char), R bx 10% can be detected. Because there is much less standard deviation or scatter for maximum reflectance compared to mean reflectance, one may more easily discriminate between individual coals in a blend using maximum reflectance [7]. 

The mean random reflectance in oil ranges from 0.2% for himiinite in peat up to more than 5.0% for meta-anthracite. 

It should also be noted that the anisotropy of the vitrinite reflectance increases significantly with the coal rank. This means that for one sample, even the random-reflectance readings in nonpolarized light scatter much more for high-rank coals 2.0%) such as anthracite than do those of lower rank samples. Table 3.1 provides values for minimum, mean, and maximum reflectance measurements. It also clarifies diy only R is not suitable for rank determination [7]. 

Some frequently used terms and definitions taken from various sources are 

Patient safety. Freedom from accidental injury, and ensuring patient 

Adverse event. An injury due to a medical-related intervention. 

Safe practices. Those practices that have proved to lower the risk of the occurrence of adverse events related to exposure to medical care across a range of conditions or diagnoses. 

Degree of chance, probability, or possibility of loss. 

There is a large number of terms and definitions used in the area of transportation systems reliability and safety. Some of these are presented as follows [30-34]  

Transportation system. A facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods. 

Failure. The inability of an item to function within the stated guidelines. 

Human error. The failure to perform a stated task (or the performance of a forbidden action) that could result in disruption of scheduled operations or result in damage to equipment and property. Mission time. The element of uptime that is required to carry out a specified mission profile. 

Redundancy. The existence of more than one means for carrying out a stated function. 

This section presents some useful terms and definitions directly or indirectly concerned with safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry [22-26]  

Maintenance All the actions necessary for retaining an item/equip-ment in, or restoring it to, a stated condition. 

Mission time The element of uptime that is required to perform a specified mission profile. 

Reliability The probability that an item will carry out its stated mission satisfactorily for the stated time period when used according to the specified conditions. 

Half the battle in learning any new field is understanding the jargon. To aid you in learning about FTIR, a number of the terms used in the field of infrared spectroscopy are defined below. 

Spectroscopy - the study of the interaction of light with matter. 

Spectrum - a plot of measured light intensity versus some property of light such as wavelength or wavenumber. 

Infrared Spectrometer - m instrument that measures an infrared spectrum. 

A newly developed analytical technique gives rise to new terminology. Existing terms may acquire a specialized meaning and completely new terms have to be invented. In order for people, working with atomic spectroscopy, 

V Elements determined by FAAS using a dinitrogen oxide-acetylene flame 

Elements determined by plasma-AES using an inert gas atmosphere or a vacuum in the optics of the instrument 

Elements which cannot be determined by direct atomic absorption or plasma atomic emission methods 

Sensitivity can be related to sample amount but more often it relates to concentration. It is closely connected to the limit of detection (LOD), e.g., 10 pmol LOD means that we need at least this amount of compound for detection. Detectable is usually defined as a given (typically 3 1) signal-to-noise ratio. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) is a similar term, meaning the minimum amount of compound that can be accurately quantified (usually at least 10-20% accuracy is required). LOQ is always larger than LOD, and is often defined as a 10 1 S/N ratio. Sensitivity depends not only on the analytical process and instrumentation but also on the matrix (i.e., whether the target compound measured is dissolved in a pure solvent or plasma). Sensitivity often deteriorates when a complex matrix is used a 100-fold decrease in sensitivity due to matrix effects is not uncommon. 

The quality and reliability of the obtained result are always of prime interest. In research, one has to establish (and maintain and prove) the reliability of analysis in many cases (in the majority of clinical and pharmaceutical applications) one has to comply with regulative and administrative requirements as well. The latter requirements are often in the form of good laboratory practice (GLP) requirements, analogous to good clinical practice in a hospital environment. 

Speed is another characteristic of the analytical process. One aspect is sample throughput, which may vary from one sample per week to thousands or millions of daily analysis. Another aspect is the time delay between sampling and obtaining the result of analysis. Chemical and biochemical analyses are usually fast and typically require seconds or hours to perform. This is in contrast to several biological tests, which often need time (days) for growing bacterial cultures. This time delay may be a significant factor for selecting proper treatment in serious illnesses. 

When searching for leaks one will generally have to distinguish between two tasks  

In addition, we distinguish, based on the direction of flow for the fluid, between the 

The specimens should wherever possible be examined in a configuration corresponding to their later application - components for vacuum applications using the vacuum method and using the positive pressure method for parts which will be pressurized on the inside. 

When measuring leak rates we differentiate between registering 

The leak rate which is no longer tolerable in accordance with the acceptance specifications is known as the rejection rate. Its calculation is based on the condition that the test specimen may not fail during its planned utilization period due to faults caused by leaks, and this to a certain degree of certainty. Often it is not the leak rate for the test specimen under normal operating conditions which is determined, but rather the throughput rate of a test gas - primarily helium - under test conditions. The values thus found will have to be converted to correspond to the actual application situation in regard to the pressures inside and outside the test specimen and the type of gas (or liquid) being handled. 

However, these advantages are curtailed by the following disadvantages  

Binding terms are a prerequisite to ensure quality-determining production flows 

Bonding Joining of same or different materials under the application of adhesives. 

Adhesive Nonmetal, liquid, paste-like or even solid material, joining adherends by means of adhesion forces (surface adhesion) and cohesion forces (inner stability of the adhesive layer) (Chapter 6). 

Adhesive layer Adhesive layer between the adherends, set (cured) or still not set. 

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Textile Terms and Definitions, 10th ed.. Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1996. 

Part 1 (Draft) Qualitative terms and definitions (July 1998)... 

An overview of important terms and definitions useful in assessing the potentially harmful effects of air pollutants, and... 

To illustrate the application of the above principals, the role of each major component of the circuit is discussed in the following sections, followed by an actual case study. As a reference. Appendix 8 contains fluidization terms and definitions commonly used in the FCC. 

ISO Guide 30 (1992) Terms and definitions used in connection with reference Materials. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

As with most scientific disciplines, HTS is understood and discussed only with a thorough comprehension of the descriptive terms used by HTS practitioners. A brief list of relevant terms and definitions which will aid the newcomer to the field is provided in the Appendix. For a more comprehensive fist of terms and definitions, which is constantly being expanded, the reader may find the Society of Biomolecular Sciences website helpful [3]. 

The terms and definitions taken from ISO 2859-1 1999 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 1 Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection, Table 1, a portion of Table 2-A, and a portion of Table 10-L-l, are reproduced with permission of the International Organization for Standardization, ISO. This standard can be obtained from any ISO member and from the Web site of ISO Central Secretariat at the following address www.iso.org. Copyright remains with ISO. 

IUPAC. Mass Spectrometry Terms and Definitions Project Page. 2007. Available at http // www.msterms.com/wiki/index.php title=Main Page. 

Mass Spectrometry Wiki, based on Wikipedia Mass Spectrometry Category. It is the IUPAC-sponsored project to update the standard terms and definitions for mass spectrometry. Anyone can edit entries after logging in. 

Legal contracts have the same structure (and are far more muddled) title, terms and definitions, actual contractual conditions using those terms... 

The following methods are acceptable for manual welding and brazing, semiautomatic welding, and/or mechanized welding or brazing. See Chapter GR-1, ASME BPV Code Section IX para. QW/QB-492, and AWS A3.0 for terms and definitions. 

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, Terms and Definitions used in Connections with Reference Materials - ISO Guide 30, Geneva, ISO, 1992. 

There are other differences between RMP and PSM. This can be seen in the reporting requirements and in some of the different terms and definitions used by USEPA in RMP. To begin with, in regard to reporting requirements, under PSM OSHA requires the covered facility to comply with all applicable paragraphs. This compliance is expected to be completed by the covered facility but there is no reporting requirement (i.e., submission of a formal written document showing that compliance has been effected is not required under PSM). 

In order to discuss energy and its interconversions, thermochemists have agreed on a number of terms and definitions. You will learn about these terms and definitions over the next few pages. Then you will examine the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions, physical changes, and nuclear reactions. 

Throughout this book, the OECD/IPCS terms and definitions in chemical hazard and risk assessment will be used unless otherwise stated. The OECD/IPCS terms are generally concordant with those used by the US-EPA and the EU. 

In the sources mentioned in this slide you will find more and in some cases complete information on certain terms and definitions. Many of the terms and definitions given in this chapter are taken from these sources. 

AO AC - Terms and Definitions, available from www.aoac.org/terms.htm... 

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