Tennessee, mining

The zinc industry employs 2200 workers at mines and mills and 1400 at primary smelters.14 The four primary zinc smelters in the U.S. are located in Illinois, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. There are ten secondary zinc recovery plants in the U.S.17... 

In 1996, the U S. domestic lead industry was comprised of 17 mines located primarily in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, and Montana two primary smelter-refineries in Missouri a primary smelter in Montana and 25 secondary (recycling) producers operating 31 plants. Of the lead recycled in 1996, 99% was produced by 10 companies operating 17 plants in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas. Lead is also sold by the Defense National Stockpile Center (DNSC) as a result of legislation passed in 1992 authorizing the disposal of the entire 545,000 metric tons in the stockpile over several years. The law, however, requires the task to be completed without undue disruption of commercial lead markets (Larrabee 1997 Smith 1998). 

Copper ores are found worldwide, in Russia, Chile, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire and, in the United States, in Arizona, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Utah. High-grade ores of 99% pure metal were found in the United States (and other countries), but many of these native ore deposits have been mined over the past hundred years and are now exhausted. Even so, many low-grade ores with concentrations of 10% to 80% pure copper still exist and await a technology that will make them more profitable for exploitation. 

Lee, G., Bigham, J.M. Faure, G. 2002. Removal of trace metals by coprecipitation with Fe, Al and Mn from natural waters contaminated with acid mine drainage in the Ducktown Mining District, Tennessee. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 569 - 581. 

In 1986, a wetland system was installed to reduce acid mine drainage from the closed Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 950 Coal Mine near Flat Rock, Alabama. The system cost 41,000 to build. Annual monitoring costs were 3700. Before the wetland system was installed, TVA spent 28,500 annually to chemically treat the acid mine drainage (D204502, p. 2). 

The present paper is based on the author s study (1) funded by the U. S. Bureau of Mines which, however, is not responsible for the views expressed or the conclusions reached. The time element has been subdivided into three discrete points and a period. The points include current output levels, for use as a base line, 1985 and 1990. The period encompasses the decade from 1990. This reflects the increasing unreliability of the estimates as the projection is extended. Because sulfur markets tend to be discrete and sulfur sources tend to be geographically differentiated regional supply projections are required. The definition chosen here is the Petroleum Administration for Defense districts. [These are defined as I - Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. II - Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. 

At the present time we are conducting tests with electrical heaters in a sale mine in Louisiana, in a granite formation in Sweden, in a granite formation in Nevada and in shale formations both in Tennessee and Nevada. Early information developing from these heater tests will be used in the design of further, more sophisticated tests in which some of these geochemical interactions will be simulated. 

Barium occurs chiefly as sulfate (barite, barytes, heavy spar, H.iSO(i. and. of less importance, carbonate (witherite. RaCf)3). Georgia and Tennessee are the principal producing states. The sulfate is transformed into chloride, and the electrolysis of the fused chloride yields barium metal. See also Barite and Witherite. Barium ores are mined chiefly as a source of barium compounds because very little metallic barium is consumed commercially. The metal is obtained by thermal reduction of the oxide, using aluminum metal at a high temperature and under vacuum in a closed retort 4BaO + 2A1 > BaOAI Ot+ 3Ba. The gaseous barium produced is recovered by condensation. 

Hammarstrom, J.M., Seal, R.R. II, Meier, A.L. and Jackson, J.C. (2003) Weathering of sulfidic shale and copper mine waste secondary minerals and metal cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA. Environmental Geology, 45(1), 35-57. 

It is an interesting fact that the two elements most necessary in the maintenance of soil fertility are the related elements nitrogen and phosphorus, which occupy adjacent positions in Group V of the periodic table. Phosphorus occurs in nature only in the combined form, chiefly as the mineral phosphorite [Ca3P04)2]. Impure calcium phosphate, known as phosphate rock, is mined extensively in Tennessee, Florida, Montana, and Idaho. Large deposits of this mineral are also found in Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa. 

Barite occurs in abundance in Alaska, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Missouri, Nevada, and Tennessee as well as in Canada and Mexico. This substance was produced at 38 mines in seven U.S. states in 1973. Total U.S. production for 1973 was 1,104,000 tons, a figure which represented 23% of world production. Nevada supplied 50% of this total with Missouri ranking second in domestic production of barite ore. Domestic production levels for 1969 were much lower at 603,000 tons (Davis 1972). A list of barium production and processing facilities in the United States along with the production or processing volume for each are provided in Table 4-1. 

Brodie, G. A., D. A. Hammer, and D. A. Tomljanovich. 1988. Constructed wetlands for acid drainage control in the Tennessee Valley. In Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, Vol. 1. U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular IC 9 183, 325 pp. 

Thermodynamically, the carbonylation of methyl acetate (AG298 -10 kJ/mol) is considerably less favourable than that of methanol (AG298 -74 kJ/mol). This means that the reaction does not reach completion but attains an equilibrium which is dependent on the temperature and the CO pressure. Two variants are currently practised commercially that developed by Tennessee Eastman, based on a Halcon process, and a BP process in which acetic acid and the anhydride are co-produced in proportions which can be varied according to demand. Syngas for the Eastman process is made from coal which is mined close to the plant in Tennessee and the acetic anhydride produced is used to make cellulose acetate for film production. The BP process uses syngas generated from North Sea gas which is piped directly to the BP plant in EIull. [Acetic anhydride manufacture M. J. Eloward, M. D. Jones, M. S. Roberts, S. A. Taylor, Catalysis Today, 1993, 18, 325]. 

Cases 8a and 8b of the Hoffman-Muntner report [ 3 ] refer to an Illinois Basin supplier providing coal to a utility in Central Tennessee, 400 miles from the mine. In developing the costs for Plants A(A), B(A), and C(A), the same... 

There are three major sources of chemical statistics United States Tariff Commission, for productions and sales statistics on organic chemicals and plastic materials Bureau of the Census, for production and shipments of inorganic chemicals and Bureau of Mines, for coal chemicals. Selected chemicals are reported on a monthly basis, while hundreds are covered annually. Other sources of chemical statistics are such agencies as the Alcohol Tax Unit, Tennessee Valley Authority, and Bureau of Labor Statistics. The publications of these agencies are discussed in this paper. 

The second site is in Tennessee Park, a sub-alpine wetland near Leadville, Colorado. Thirteen wells were drilled here as part of a project to determine the effects of the wetland on the input from an alpine stream heavily contaminated with acid mine drainage (M). The site and the wells have been described in detail ( ). The water table is within one meter of the surface in all wells, which have screen depths less than four meters below the land surface. The composition of the well waters changes seasonally and in response to precipitation events. 

Figure 4 A sample of fluorite (Elmwood Mine, Tennessee).

Fluorite, etched optical corners (Cap2) (Elmwood Mine, Elmwood, Tennessee. 5.9 x 5.2 cm, iso)... 

Mag A, Boyle JJ (1990) Assessment of Ra226 and toxic element distribution at Tennessee Valley Authority phosphate slag stockpiles. Muscle Shoals, AL, Report of Investigations/1990 RI9288. United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC,p 386... 

Small diesel draglines and power shovels were used to mine soft phosphate deposits at the surface in the Tennessee phosphate district of the United States. In this area, mining sites could be as small as 5 acres and located at considerable distances (up to about 150 km) from processing plants. Small, over-the-road dump trucks were used for transport. Mobility of equipment was important in this case. The phosphate ore is a residual deposit remaining from the dissolution of limestones. The subsurface in these areas is composed of irregular limestone pinnacles and solution features small buckets on the draglines (=1 m ) and power shovels were essential in this situation to maximize recovery. Tennessee ores were washed and screened and mainly used in the production of elemental phosphorus in electric arc furnaces,... 

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