Tennessee

Clark, T., Hanxleden, R., McCammon, J., Scott, L. Parallelizing molecular dynamics using spatial decomposition. In Proceedings of the scalable high performance computing conference. May 23-25, 1994, Knoxville, Tennessee. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, 1994. 

Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. 

When Strike wrote the first edition Strike considered there to be only one, decent reduction method for the p-Nitropropene. But since then Strike has come across quite a few new ways that make this conversion very, very easy and varied. A lot of the ways were conjured up by one, industrious lab from Tennessee. We ll get to those in a minute. But first let s start off with the basic, default recipe for the reduction of p-Nitropropenes. 

Tennessee whiskey Tennis Tennis balls Tennis rackets... 

The first anhydride plant in actual operation using methyl acetate carbonylation was at Kingsport, Tennessee (41). A general description has been given (42) indicating that about 900 tons of coal are processed daily in Texaco gasifiers. Carbon monoxide is used to make 227,000 t/yr of anhydride from 177,000 t/yr of methyl acetate 166,000 t/yr of methanol is generated. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to foUow the apparent reaction mechanism (43). 

Acrylic Ester Polymers, 2-Cyanoacrylic Ester Polymers" ia ECT 3rd ed., VoL 1, pp. 408—413, by H. W. Coover, Jr., andj. M. Mclatire, Tennessee Eastman Company. 

T. R. Penney and I. Maclaiae-Cross, Proceedings, Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Workshop, June 10—11, 1986, Chattanooga, Tenn., Sponsored by Electric Power Research Institute, Gas Research Institute, and Tennessee Valley Authority. 

Commercial Fertilisers—1990, Bulletin Y-216, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., 1991. 

A. V. Slack and G. M. Blouin, Urea Technology A. Critical Review, Tennessee Ualley Authority Circular Z-4, TVA, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Dec. 14—16,1969. 

J. R. Lehr and G. H. McCleUan, M Revised Eaboratoy Reactivity Scale forEvaluatingPhosphate rock for Direct Application, Bulletin Y-43, Tennessee VaUey Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Apr. 1972. 

Superphosphate Its Histoy, Chemistry, and Manufacture, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture and Tennessee VaUey Authority, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1964. 

W. J. Pree, B. J. Bond, and J. L. Nevins, ChangingPattems in Mgriculture and Their Effect on Fertiliser Use, Bulletin Y-106, TVA Fertilizer Conference, July 27—28, 1976, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. 

T. D. Parr, Phosphorus—Properties of the Element and S ome of its Compounds, Chemical Engineering Report No. 8, Tennessee Valley Authority, Part XI, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1950. 

There has been increased interest in firing wood waste as a supplement to coal in either pulverized coal (PC) or cyclone boilers at 1—5% of heat input. This appHcation has been demonstrated by such electric utilities as Santee-Cooper, Tennessee Valley Authority, Georgia Power, Dehnarva, and Northern States Power. Cofiring wood waste with coal in higher percentages, eg, 10—15% of heat input, in PC and cyclone boilers is being carefully considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). This practice may have the potential to maximize the thermal efficiency of waste fuel combustion. If this practice becomes widespread, it will offer another avenue for use of fuels from waste. 

Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose (qv) or biomass such as wood (qv), com stover, and municipal soHd wastes (see Euels frombiomass Euels FROMWASTe). Each of these resources has inherent technical or economic problems. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is operating a 2 t/d pilot plant on converting cellulose to ethanol. 

H. J. Hagemeyer and G. C. DeCroes, The Chemistry oflsobutyr ehyde and Its Derivatives, Tennessee Eastman Co., Kingsport, Term., 1953. 

Different combinations of stable xenon isotopes have been sealed into each of the fuel elements in fission reactors as tags so that should one of the elements later develop a leak, it could be identified by analyzing the xenon isotope pattern in the reactor s cover gas (4). Historically, the sensitive helium mass spectrometer devices for leak detection were developed as a cmcial part of building the gas-diffusion plant for uranium isotope separation at Oak Ridge, Tennessee (129), and heHum leak detection equipment is stiU an essential tool ia auclear technology (see Diffusion separation methods). 

In 1975, the synthesis of the first main-chain thermotropic polymers, three polyesters of 4,4 -dihydroxy-a,a -dimethylbenzalazine with 6, 8, and 10 methylene groups in the aHphatic chain, was reported (2). Shortly thereafter, at the Tennessee Eastman Co. thermotropic polyesters were synthesized by the acidolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by/ -acetoxybenzoic acid (3). Copolymer compositions that contained 40—70 mol % of the oxybenzoyl unit formed anisotropic, turbid melts which were easily oriented. 

The first commercial-scale anthrahydroquinone autoxidation process in the United States was put into operation by E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc. (Memphis, Tennessee) in 1953, followed by EMC Corporation (West Virginia), LaPorte Chemicals, Ltd. (U.K.), Degussa (Germany), Mitsubishi-Gas Chemical Co. (Japan), and others. 

This process is one of the three commercially practiced processes for the production of acetic anhydride. The other two are the oxidation of acetaldehyde [75-07-0] and the carbonylation of methyl acetate [79-20-9] in the presence of a rhodium catalyst (coal gasification technology, Halcon process) (77). The latter process was put into operation by Tennessee Eastman in 1983. In the United States the total acetic anhydride production has been reported to be in the order of 1000 metric tons. 

Total U.S. annual production of MAA and EAA combined is estimated to be 6000—7000 metric tons. The list prices at the end of 1992 for large volumes were 2.75/kg for MAA and 3.00/kg for EAA. There are only two U.S. producers of these esters at this time, Tennessee Eastman Co. in Kingsport, Teimessee, and Lon2a Inc. in Bayport, Texas. 

Isobutyraldehyde is commonly available as a by-product of propylene/Oxo hydroformylation. Methyl isoamyl ketone is used as a solvent for ceUulose esters, acryHcs, and vinyl polymers. It is available in the United States from Eastman (Kingsport, Tennessee) (47) and Union Carbide (South Charleston, West Virginia) and was priced at 1.42/kg in October 1994. 

Magnesium acetate also has uses as a dye fixative in textile printing, as a deodorant, disinfectant, an antiseptic in medicine, and as a reagent chemical (see Disinfectants AND ANTISEPTICS Textiles) (6). In the United States, Hoescht-Celanese and Tennessee Eastman are the principal producers of magnesium acetate. These companies make about 36,000 t/yr, which is largely used in-house for the production of cellulose acetate. 

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