Temperatures, industrial

Oxide fibers are manufactured by thermal or chemical processes into a loose wool mat, which can then be fabricated into a flexible blanket combined with binders and formed into boards, felts, and rigid shapes or fabricated into ropes, textiles and papers. The excellent thermal properties of these products make them invaluable for high temperature industrial appHcations. 

Oxide and nonoxide refractory fibers have become essential materials for use in modem high temperature industrial processes and advanced commercial appHcations. Future process improvements, cost reductions, and performance enhancements are expected to expand the uses and markets for these specialized fibrous materials. 

The destmction of microorganisms in foods follows the same kinetic relationship as for other materials. The process is strongly induenced by the nature of the food, size of the container, and temperature. Industry-wide standards have been estabUshed by the National Canners Association (24). 

Carbon disulfide [75-15-0] (carbon bisulfide, dithiocarbonic anhydride), CS2, is a toxic, dense liquid of high volatiUty and fiammabiUty. It is an important industrial chemical and its properties are well estabUshed. Low concentrations of carbon disulfide naturally discharge into the atmosphere from certain soils, and carbon disulfide has been detected in mustard oil, volcanic gases, and cmde petroleum. Carbon disulfide is an unintentional by-product of many combustion and high temperature industrial processes where sulfur compounds are present. 

Thermal insulation is available over a wide range of temperatures, from near absolute zero (-273 C) ( 59.4°F) to perhaps 3,(1()0°C (5,432°F). Applications include residential and commercial buildings, high- or low-temperature industrial processes, ground and air vehicles, and shipping containers. The materials and systems in use can be broadly characterized as air-filled fibrous or porous, cellular solids, closed-cell polymer foams containing a gas other than air, evacuated powder-filled panels, or reflective foil systems. 

Where they are available, good-quality industrial oils having similar properties are preferred to the automotive oils. The recommendation of automotive oils for use at ambient temperature below —10°C is intended only as a guide pending widespread development of satisfactory low-temperature industrial oils. It is advisable to consult the gear manufacturer. 

There are several environmentally significant mercury species. In the lithosphere, mercury is present primarily in the +II oxidation state as the very insoluble mineral cirmabar (HgS), as a minor constituent in other sulfide ores, bound to the surfaces of other minerals such as oxides, or bound to organic matter. In soil, biological reduction apparently is primarily responsible for the formation of mercury metal, which can then be volatilized. Metallic mercury is also thought to be the primary form emitted in high-temperature industrial processes. The insolubility of cinnabar probably limits the direct mobilization of mercury where this mineral occurs, but oxidation of the sulfide in oxygenated water can allow mercury to become available and participate in other reactions, including bacterial transformations. 

Safety Problems in Handling Low-Temperature Industrial Fluids, 1964, IChE Symp. papers, published in Chem. Engr., 1965, 43(185), CE7-10 (186), CE36-48... 

O MgCh and MgO are being considered for use in a high-temperature industrial environment. What properties of these two compounds would you check to determine which would be the better choice for this application Refer to a reference text and determine which of the two compounds would be the better choice. 

The synthesis of diamond is the most famous high-pressure and high-temperature industrial process, and vast quantities of this material are produced using modem industrial technology. The small synthetic crystals obtained are principally used for cutting tools and abrasives. 

Hall, F. D. Kemner, W. F. Staley, L. J. "Evaluation of Feasibility of Incinerating Hazardous Wastes in High-Temperature Industrial Processes," Proc. 8th Annu. Res. Symp. Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Waste, EPA-600/9-83-003, 1983. 

Fluxes H% and 11% are strongly affected by anthropogenic forcings. Their variations are caused by the discharge of high-temperature industrial sewage... 

The potential for carbon formation is based on the gas composition and metal temperature. Industry experience shows that if the gas temperature is less than 1100°F, the kinetics of the reaction are too low and carbon does not form. The equilibrium Kp for typical gasifier reactor effluent compositions is about 1800°F. If the calculated Kp, which is based on gas composition, is greater than the equilibrium Kp, carbon cannot form. Therefore, gasifier reactor effluent metal dusting potential typically occurs between the temperatures of 1100°F and 1800°F. 

Table 1.12 Alloy performance in high-temperature industrial environments75 (Copyright Pearson Education Ltd)... 

Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods 315 Problem-Solving Strategy Proposing Reaction Mechanisms 316 Summary Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes 320 EssentialTerms 322 Study Problems 323... 

Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods 315... 

Saeman, J., Kinetics of wood saccharification Hydrolosis of cellulose and decomposition of sugars in dilute acid at high temperature. Industrial Engineering Chemistry 1945, 37 (1), 43-51. 

A solvent is a chemical snbstance that dissolves another chemical substance or snbstances to form a solntion of homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the component in the solution that is present in the largest amount and determines the physicochemical form of the snbstance as either solid, liquid, or gas. Solvents are usually but not necessarily always liquids and can also be gases or solids. The chemical substances dissolved in the solvent are called the solute, and a solvent plus a solute form the solution. The organic solvents share a common structure they are hydrophilic, volatile, and of low molecular weight and exist in liquid form at room temperature. Industrial solvents may be grouped as (1) aliphatic-chain compounds, which include n-hexane or (2) aromatic compounds with a six-carbon ring, which include benzene and xylene. 

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