Minerals insoluble

Solids materials that are insoluble in hydrocarbon or water can be entrained in the crude. These are called bottom sediments and comprise fine particles of sand, drilling mud, rock such as feldspar and gypsum, metals in the form of minerals or in their free state such as iron, copper, lead, nickel, and vanadium. The latter can come from pipeline erosion, storage tanks, valves and piping systems, etc. whatever comes in contact with the crude oil. 

The examples in the preceding section, of the flotation of lead and copper ores by xanthates, was one in which chemical forces predominated in the adsorption of the collector. Flotation processes have been applied to a number of other minerals that are either ionic in type, such as potassium chloride, or are insoluble oxides such as quartz and iron oxide, or ink pigments [needed to be removed in waste paper processing [92]]. In the case of quartz, surfactants such as alkyl amines are used, and the situation is complicated by micelle formation (see next section), which can also occur in the adsorbed layer [93, 94]. 

Fluorine occurs widely in nature as insoluble fluorides. Calcium fluoride occurs as jluospar or fluorite, for example in Derbyshire where it is coloured blue and called bluejohn . Other important minerals are cryolite NajAlFg (p. 141) and Jluorapatite CaFjSCaj (P04)2. Bones and teeth contain fluorides and some natural water contains traces. 

Physical Properties, (i) Aromatic. Colourless when freshly prepared, but usually brown. MonomethylaniUne, CgHjNHCH, b.p. 193°, and monoethylaniline, CgHjNHCjHj, b.p. 206 , diphenylamine,(C6H5)2NH, m.p. 54 , are all insoluble in water, the two alkylanilines having well-marked basic properties, diphenylamine being feebly basic and insoluble in dilute mineral acids. 

Tyrosine and cystine are colourless solids almost insoluble in water gfid in ethanol (tyrosine dissolves in hot water). They are readily soluble in dilute caustic alkali solution, in ammonia and mineral acids, but not in acetic acid. They are also classed as neutral ampholytes. ... 

An amino-acid, although insoluble in water (e.g., anthranilic acid), is usually soluble in excess of mineral acid in such a case it is important to make the solution only very slightly acid. This applies also to a mixture of a neutral and a basic substance, from which dil. HCl will extract an amino-acid the solution must then be carefully treated with NaOH to precipitate the amino-acid. 

The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. 

Minerals, particularly Bentonite, ate used to remove proteins that tend to cause haze in white wines. The natural tannin of ted wines usually removes unstable proteins from them. Excess tannin and related phenols can be removed and haze from them prevented by addition of proteins or adsorbents such as polyvinylpyttohdone. Addition of protein such as gelatin along with tannic acid can even be used to remove other proteins from white wines. Egg whites or albumen ate often used to fine ted wines. Casein can be used for either process, because it becomes insoluble in acidic solutions like wines. 

Generally, soluble materials are more effective as micronutrient sources than are insoluble ones. For this reason, many soil minerals that contain the micronutrient elements are ineffective sources for plants. Some principal micronutrient sources and uses are summarized below. In this discussion the term frits refers to a fused, pulverized siUceous material manufactured and marketed commercially for incorporation in fertilizers. Chelates refers to metaHoorganic complexes specially prepared and marketed as especially soluble, highly assimilable sources of micronutrient elements (see CHELATING agents). 

K2SO-2 MgSO, and halite and (5) kainite ore, kainite [1318-72-5] 4(KC1 MgSO -11H20, and halite. More than 90% of the estimated potassium reserves occur principally as sylvinite and camaUitite (107). Sylvite, the richest of the minerals at 63% K2O, is the principal economically exploitable reserve. In addition, there are four principal insoluble potassium sUicate minerals, glauconite, leucite, nepheline, and orthoclase—sanidine which range in K2O content from 7 to 22%. These minerals are plentihil but for economic reasons may never be exploited for potassium. 

Other potential sources of potassium include insoluble minerals and ores, and the oceans, which contain 3.9 x 10 t/(km) of seawater (see Ocean RAW materials). The known recoverable potash reserves are sufficient for more than 1000 years at any foreseeable rate of consumption. 

Because the corrosion resistance of lead and lead alloys is associated with the formation of the protective corrosion film, removal of the film in any way causes rapid attack. Thus the velocity of a solution passing over a surface can lead to significantly increased attack, particularly if the solution contains suspended particulate material. Lead is also attacked rapidly in the presence of high velocity deionised water. The lack of dissolved minerals in such water prevents the formation of an insoluble protective film. In most solutions, lead and lead alloys are resistant to galvanic corrosion because of the formation of a nonconductive corrosion film. In contact with more noble metals, however, lead can undergo galvanic attack which is accelerated by stray electrical currents. 

Lead zirconate [12060-01 -4] PbZrO, mol wt 346.41, has two colorless crystal stmctures a cubic perovskite form above 230°C (Curie point) and a pseudotetragonal or orthorhombic form below 230°C. It is insoluble in water and aqueous alkaUes, but soluble in strong mineral acids. Lead zirconate is usually prepared by heating together the oxides of lead and zirconium in the proper proportion. It readily forms soHd solutions with other compounds with the ABO stmcture, such as barium zirconate or lead titanate. Mixed lead titanate-zirconates have particularly high piezoelectric properties. They are used in high power acoustic-radiating transducers, hydrophones, and specialty instmments (146). 

Geochemical Nature and Types of Deposits. The cmst of the earth contains approximately 2—3 ppm uranium. AlkaHc igneous rock tends to be more uraniferous than basic and ferromagnesian igneous rocks (10). Elemental uranium oxidizes readily. The solubiHty and distribution of uranium in rocks and ore deposits depend primarily on valence state. The hexavalent uranium ion is highly soluble, the tetravalent ion relatively insoluble. Uraninite, the most common mineral in uranium deposits, contains the tetravalent ion (II). 

Some nut trees accumulate mineral elements. Hickory nut is notable as an accumulator of aluminum compounds (30) the ash of its leaves contains up to 37.5% of AI2O2, compared with only 0.032% of aluminum oxide in the ash of the Fnglish walnut s autumn leaves. As an accumulator of rare-earth elements, hickory greatly exceeds all other plants their leaves show up to 2296 ppm of rare earths (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). The amounts of rare-earth elements found in parts of the hickory nut are kernels, at 5 ppm shells, at 7 ppm and shucks, at 17 ppm. The kernel of the Bra2d nut contains large amounts of barium in an insoluble form when the nut is eaten, barium dissolves in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach. 

Barite, predominately BaSO, meets the overall requirements for weighting material better than other materials and is used for increasing the density of drilling fluids throughout the world. Commercial barite has a lower specific gravity than pure barium sulfate owing to the presence of associated minerals, such as silica. Barite is virtually insoluble in water and does not react with other mud constituents. Most operators prefer barite that meets API specifications (Table 2) (23). The barite content in mud depends on the desired density but can be as high as 2000 kg/km (700 lb/bbl). 

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