Anthropogenic forcing

The key to understanding the natural variability of climate and its response to natural or anthropogenic forcings is to understand fully both forcings and feedbacks. Forcings are relatively... 

Hypoxia has also been observed on the continental shelves considerably offshore. Most has been ascribed to natural coastal upwelling, such as off Peru and western Africa. But in some settings, such as coastal Oregon and New Jersey, controversy exists as to the role of anthropogenic forcing. For New Jersey, the most dramatic hypoxic episode... 

Abrupt climate changes are especially substantial in transitions from one climatic state to another. Therefore, if anthropogenic forcings of climate do favor the drifting... 

Fluxes H% and 11% are strongly affected by anthropogenic forcings. Their variations are caused by the discharge of high-temperature industrial sewage... 

Fluxes H° and //)y, which balance the oxygen fluxes into water under natural conditions, as a result of anthropogenic forcing increase, as a rule, due to more active aerobic bacteria and the increasing metabolic needs of animals. For instance, a 10°C increase in water temperature increases the oxygen expenditure on respiration of marine animals by a factor of 2.2. 

As a part of the World Ocean the Black Sea is suppressed by the climate-induced fluctuations. These fluctuations are superimposed on the 1960-1980 intensive anthropogenic forcing, connected with eutrophication. The reaction of the Black Sea biogeochemical system to these factors is being actively studied [22,79,82]. 

Sections 3.04.6.1 and 3.04.6.2). Such work has contributed significantly to the development of our understanding of the importance of aerosols in chmate change, and has helped to unravel the natural variabihty from anthropogenic forcing. 

Wang Y. and Jacob D. J. (1998) Anthropogenic forcing on tropospheric ozone and OH since pre-industrial times. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 31123-31135. 

Stott, P. A., Tett, S. F. B Jones, G. S Allen, M. R., Mitchell, J. F. B.. Jenkins. G. J., External Control of 20 Century Ten erature by Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings , Science, Vol. 290, 15 December 2000, Page 2133 http //www.metoffice.gov.uk/reseajoh/hadleycentre/pubs/brochures/B2000/predictions.html... 

An understanding of compartmental concentrations has only preliminary use in considering the global Se cycle, because it is the fluxes, driven by both natural (biogenic) and human (anthropogenic) forces, which still have many uncertainties in estimates. 

Models using both natural and anthropogenic forcings... 

Stott PA, Tett S, Jones G, Allen M, Mitchell J, Jenkins G (2000) External control of 20th century temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings. Science 290(5499) 2133-2137... 

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