Gas-filled panels

Baetens, R., Jelle, B.P., Gustavsen, A., and Grynning, S. (2010) Gas-filled panels for building applications a state-of-the-art review. Energy Build., 42, 1969-1975. 

Thermal insulation is available over a wide range of temperatures, from near absolute zero (-273 C) ( 59.4°F) to perhaps 3,(1()0°C (5,432°F). Applications include residential and commercial buildings, high- or low-temperature industrial processes, ground and air vehicles, and shipping containers. The materials and systems in use can be broadly characterized as air-filled fibrous or porous, cellular solids, closed-cell polymer foams containing a gas other than air, evacuated powder-filled panels, or reflective foil systems. 

With this method, Andersson and Rosen [169] recently investigated the adsorption of hydrogen or deuterium and oxygen on neutral platinum clusters and discovered the catal3dic water formation on the free clusters. Figure 1.30 displays mass spectra obtained with different partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen in the separate collision gas cells. Panel a in Fig. 1.30 shows a mass spectrum of pure Pt clusters with no reactive gas in the collision cells. The mass spectrum in panel b was sampled after the cluster ions passed reaction cell 1 filled with 0.14 Pa of O2. The additional peaks in the mass spectrum... 

Figure 5. Cartoon models of the reaction of methanol with oxygen on Cu(llO). 1 A methanol molecule arrives from the gas phase onto the surface with islands of p(2xl) CuO (the open circles represent oxygen, cross-hatched are Cu). 2,3 Methanol diffuses on the surface in a weakly bound molecular state and reacts with a terminal oxygen atom, which deprotonates the molecule in 4 to form a terminal hydroxy group and a methoxy group. Another molecule can react with this to produce water, which desorbs (5-7). Panel 8 shows decomposition of the methoxy to produce a hydrogen atom (small filled circle) and formaldehyde (large filled circle), which desorbs in panel 9. The active site lost in panel 6 is proposed to be regenerated by the diffusion of the terminal Cu atom away from the island in panel 7.

Fig. 3.44. Metallicities in gas-poor galaxies (open symbols) and oxygen abundances at a representative radius in gas-rich disk galaxies (filled symbols), as a function of galaxy luminosity in blue light. The dotted lines in each panel represent identical trends for [Fe/H] and [O/H] and the ordinate 0.0 represents solar composition. Adapted from Zaritsky, Kennicutt and Huchra (1994).

Fig. 11.2. Mean stellar iron abundances as a function of luminosity in dwarf spheroidals (filled circles), dwarf ellipticals (open circles), dSph/dlrr transition galaxies (filled diamonds) and dwarf irregulars (open diamonds). Baryonic luminosity in the right panel includes the additional luminosity that irregulars would have if their gas were converted into stars. After Grebel, Gallagher and Harbeck (2003).

Fig. 12.14. Metallicity evolution in DLAs. Curves show predicted mean metallic-ity in the interstellar gas relative to solar predicted by chemical evolution models of Pei, Fall and Hauser (1999), Pei and Fall (1995), Malaney and Chaboyer (1996) and Somerville, Primack and Faber (2001) respectively. Data points giving column-density weighted metallicities based on zinc only (filled circles) or other elements (open circles) are plotted in the upper panel taking upper limits as detections and in the lower panel taking upper limits as zeros. Horizontal error bars show the redshift bins adopted. After Kulkarni et al. (2005).

The Varian Model 8500 pump (Fig. 5) is the most sophisticated syringe-type pump. There are two gas solenoid valves, the first of which pressurizes the solvent container to re-fill the chamber and the second actuates a pneumatic valve downstream of the pressure transducer on the column tubing. The operating controls are selected automatically by depressing push-button switches on the front panel of the pump controller. These switches control the opening of the... 

Temperature Control. Liquid nitrogen was supplied to the chevron panels and helium transfer line jackets from self-pressurized dewars. Cold helium gas was circulated in a closed loop. Temperatures at the helium cold plate were measured at two points by means of helium-filled gas thermometers equipped with a small cold-gas bulb and a large warm-gas bulb, giving an almost linear pressure vs. temperature curve in the 4.2 to 30 K temperature zone. The thermometers were calibrated at 4.2 , 20.4°, and 77.8°K. Liquid-nitrogen temperatures were not measured, but adequate provisions were made to keep the circuits flooded. Helium temperature to the cryopump was controlled by means of in-line electric heaters. 

Fig. 4.13 Comparison of experimental gas-liquid coexistence binodals (data) compared to GFVT (curves). Left panel, spherical colloids mixed with polymer chains in a -solvent for q = 0.84 (open triangles, [20]), 1.4 (stars, [21]) and 2.2 (crosses, [21]). Right panel, colloidal spheres plus polymers in a good solvent for q = 0.67 (open squares, [20]), 0.86 (inverse filled triangle, [54]) and 1.4 (pluses, [20])...

Fig. 4.14 Scaling of (left panel) Monte Carlo computer simulation results (see Fig. 1.22) for q = 3.86 (open circles), 5.58 (crosses) and 7.78 (filled diamonds) by Bolhuis [56] and experimental results (right panel) on (AOT) micro-emulsion droplets plus fiee polyisoprene polymer chains (q = 10 (open squares) and = 16 (filled triangles)) by Mutch et al. [57,58] for the gas-liquid coexistence in the protein limit regime...

Flatpanels in plasma technology (Plasma-Display-Panel, PDP) Filling gas... 

Figure 23.5 (a) Relationship between pore filled with nitrogen (denoted as "free space") gas pressure and thermal conductivity of MSQ is also shown for comparison, (b) Large-area xerogel and silica aerogel. Thermal conductiv- MSQ xerogel panels can be prepared by the ity change in the free measurement space optimized process. 

Rigid foams can be processed as continuous panels or by lamination between two surfacing materials (sandwich panels with a rigid polyurethane foam core). Composite sandwich panels may have particleboard or plasterboard on one surface and cement on the other. Foams can also be produced to fill cavities between metal sheets or sheets of reinforced plastics or in combination on either side. These structures are used as thermal insulation for refrigerator and freezer cabinets, refrigerated transportation vehicles, water heaters, pipes, pipe shells, tanks for gas storage or transport of liquified natural gas, and so on. 

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