Pulp/paper industry, high-temperature corrosion

High-temperature corrosion and wear is encountered in various industries such as waste incineration, fossil energy, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, chemical and petrochemical, mining and smelting operations. One of the methods to combat corrosion and wear and its control is to select suitable material, i.e., an alloy, for the plant design and maintenance. The selection of proper material for plant design and fabrication is followed... 

High-Temperature Corrosion and Wear Problems High-temperature corrosion and wear occurs in (i) waste incineration, (ii) fossil energy, (iii) pulp and paper (iv) petroleum refining (v) the chemical and petrochemical industries (vi) mining and smelting operations. 

The primary use of titanium alloys is in the aerospace and military industry where the high-strength-to-weight ratio and the resistance to high temperatures are of interest. Titanium and its alloys are corrosion-resistant to many environments such as oil production and refinery, chemical process, and pulp and paper industries. It was estimated in 1998 that 65% of mill products were used in aerospace applications and 35% were used in other applications (12). The most common form of titanium used is titanium sponge, which is produced in the United States, China, Japan, Russia, and Kazakhstan. The price of titanium increased from 2 per pound in 1960 to 4 per pound in 1980-1990. The price of titanium is very much dependent on the aerospaee industry. 

In general, vinyl esters can be used to handle most hot, highly chlorinated, and acid mixtures at elevated temperatures. They also provide excellent resistance to strong mineral acids and bleaching solutions. Vinyl esters excel in alkaline and bleach environments and are used extensively in the very corrosive conditions foimd in the pulp and paper industry. 

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