Open expression

The volatility, viscosity, diffusion coefficient and relaxation rates of solvents are closely connected with the self-association of the solvents, described quantitatively by their structuredness. This property has several aspects that can be denoted by appropriate epithets (Bennetto and Caldin 1971). One of them is stiffness expressible by the internal pressure, the cohesive energy density, the square of the solubility parameter, see Chapter 3, or the difference between these two. Another aspect is openness expressible by the compressibility or the fluidity, the reciprocal of the viscosity, of the solvent (see Chapter 3). A further... 

Even a direct comparison with my arguments and the open expression of suspected fraud could not move Prof. Markiewicz and his colleagues to justify or correct their unscientific manner of behavior.58,59 The director of this group, Dr. Jan Markiewicz, who is not a chemist, but rather, a Technical Testing Specialist , died in 1997. Both the other authors have remained silent. 

In the broadest terms, cell-free synthesis offers advantages over traditional in vivo methods of recombinant protein expression, as it enables the experimentalist strictly to control conditions under which expression reactions are performed. Benefits of such an open expression system are exemplified by the fact that cell-free reaction conditions can be sufficiently modified to support co-translational folding of active disulfide-bonded proteins. 

Although the belief in witchcraft was widespread during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a careful reading of the Malleus suggests that many were skeptical about the evils attributed to witches, and critical of the methods used by the inquisitors. There is, however, no direct evidence that men doubted the reality of witchcraft or the existence of witches. Open expression of such doubt would, of course, have been tantamount to a self-imposed death sentence for heresy. 

EPA, for example, in its White Paper on Nanotechnology, has openly expressed concern over this lack of data and has questioned the use of the very models it employs to predict movement of substances through the environment because these models are based on macro-scale substances. The reactivity and mobility associated with nanoscale materials could dramatically alter the models currently used. 

A few months after my award I enjoyed the company of James Frank, the physicist, when I stayed for a month at the Faculty Club (Quadrangle Club) of the University of Chicago where he was a resident. From his own experience he warned me that I would get many invitations to dinners and to serve on committees merely as a table decoration . This prediction proved to be correct and was openly expressed, for example, when I was recently asked to join an Advisory Board in the United States. The organization frankly told me that I was their choice not because of any special competence, but because I had been sanctified . 

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has openly expressed a desire to globalize. Its low-cost production facilities and large science base have made it an attractive prospect to other countries seeking cheaper pharmaceuticals. Up until recently, India was known as a major innovator in process chemistry rather than development of new molecules and therapies. This was driven by their successful business model of selling low cost generics into the U.S. and European markets, as well as providing pharmaceuticals to their own population and to many other developing countries. 

The grand canonical ensemble is a collection of open systems of given chemical potential p, volume V and temperature T, in which the number of particles or the density in each system can fluctuate. It leads to an important expression for the compressibility Kj, of a one-component fluid ... 

In spite of the three methods of estimating open question that needs to be investigated further in the future. The above expressions are order of magnitude estimates and not exact formulas. 

Let S be an open, two-sided surface bounded by a curve C, then the line integral of vector A (ciiiwe C is traversed in the positive direction) is expressed as... 

The scientific method, as mentioned, involves observation and experimentation (research) to discover or establish facts. These are followed by deduction or hypothesis, establishing theories or principles. This sequence, however, may be reversed. The noted twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper, who also dealt with science, expressed the view that the scientist s work starts not with collection of data (observation) but with selection of a suitable problem (theory). In fact, both of these paths can be involved. vSignificant and sometimes accidental observations can be made without any preconceived idea of a problem or theory and vice versa. The scientist, however, must have a well-prepared, open mind to be able to recognize the significance of such observations and must be able to follow them through. Science always demands rigorous standards of procedure, reproducibility, and open discussion that set reason over irrational belief. 

To obtain the monolayer capacity from the isotherm, it is necessary to interpret the (Type II) isotherm in quantitative terms. A number of theories have been advanced for this purpose from time to time, none with complete success. The best known of them, and perhaps the most useful in relation to surface area determination, is that of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller. Though based on a model which is admittedly over-simplified and open to criticism on a number of grounds, the theory leads to an expression—the BET equation —which, when applied with discrimination, has proved remarkably successful in evaluating the specific surface from a Type II isotherm. 

Fig. 4J0 Adsorption isotherms on ammonium silicomolybdate powder. (I), (4). nitrogen at 77 K (2), (3), /t-hexane at 298 K. Isotherms I and 2 were measured before, and 3 and 4 after, pre-adsorption of n-nonane. Open symbols, adsorption solid symbols, desorption. (Adsorption is expressed in mm (liquid.)...

The fraction of open cells expresses the extent to which the gas phase of one cell is in communication with other cells. When a large portion of cells are intercoimected by gas phase, the foam has a large fraction of open cells, or is an open-ceUed foam. Conversely, a large proportion of noninterconnecting cells results in a large fraction of closed cells, or a closed-ceUed foam. 

Heat transfer in static mixers is intensified by turbulence causing inserts. For the Kenics mixer, the heat-transfer coefficient b is two to three times greater, whereas for Sulzer mixers it is five times greater, and for polymer appHcations it is 15 times greater than the coefficient for low viscosity flow in an open pipe. The heat-transfer coefficient is expressed in the form of Nusselt number Nu = hD /k as a function of system properties and flow conditions. 

Compressibility. The bulk density of a soHd is an essential value used in the analysis of its flow properties, such as when calculating mass flow hopper angles, opening sizes, bin loads, etc. Loose and/or packed density values ate not sufficient. Bulk soHds exhibit a range of densities that vary as a function of consoHdating pressure. This range of densities, called the compressibiHty of the soHd, can often be expressed on a log—log plot as a line or relationship. 

Liquid Manometers. Liquid manometers were used extensively by scientists in the seventeenth through the early twentieth centuries to measure pressure. The practice of expressing pressure as a certain height of Hquid evolved from this usage. The typical Hquid manometer consists of a cyclindrical glass U-tube partially fiUed with Hquid. One end is coimected to the process the other can be either open or closed (Fig. 1). 

When the flux expressions are consistent, as in Eq. (5-182), the dif-fusivities in Eq. (5-181) are identical. As a result, experimental diffu-sivities are often measured under constant volume conditions but may be used for applications involving open systems. It turns out that the two versions are veiy nearly equivalent for gas-phase systems because there is negligible volume change on mixing. That is not usually true for hquids, however. 

Vacuum Flow When gas flows under high vacuum conditions or through very small openings, the continuum hypothesis is no longer appropriate if the channel dimension is not very large compared to the mean free path of the gas. When the mean free path is comparable to the channel dimension, flow is dominated by collisions of molecules with the wall, rather than by colhsions between molecules. An approximate expression based on Brown, et al. J. Appl. Phys., 17, 802-813 [1946]) for the mean free path is... 

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