Tanker effect

The combination of low viscosity and high density creates a risk situation, which might be described as Tanker effect . Assuming a tanker without separators and with a 50% filling of the tank accelerates, the inertia of the fluid mass creates pressure on the inner back side of the tank. If the driver pushes the break firmly, all liquid will move to the front and will create pressure on the inner front side of the tank. 

In reality the charging current increases in the smaller diameter dip pipe. Also, small diameter spiral-wound hose can in some cases greatly increase charging current. This effect is presumed due to increased turbulence at the inner wall [8]. Eor overhead filling of road and rail tankers the maximum vd products recommended in this book are respectively 0.38 mVs and 0.50 mVs, which are smaller than the maximum recommended values given in... 

As in the case of road tankers there are no available case histories of PBDs in lined rail cars for liquids. However, owing to the large charge densities developed in some powder transfers the effect of linings may need serious consideration for rail cars in powder service (6-4.3). 

Cathodic protection is effectively supplied to ships hulls and also to the tanks of oil tankers and other vessels where sea-water is used for ballast or other... 

The moist sulfide readily oxidises in air exothermally, and may reach incandescence. Grinding in a mortar hastens this [1]. The impure sulfide formed when steel processing equipment is used with materials containing hydrogen sulfide or volatile sulfur compounds is pyrophoric, and has caused many fires and explosions when such equipment is opened without effective purging. Various methods of purging are discussed [2], Formation of pyrophoric FeS in bitumen tanks is considered as a cause of spontaneous ignition and explosion in the head space [3], A detailed study of formation of possibly pyrophoric sulphides from rust in crude oil tankers has been made [4],... 

Floating exploration and production facilities are sometimes provided on jackup rigs, semi-submersible vessels or ex-crude oil shipping tankers converted to production treatment vessels. These facilities are essentially the same as fixed offshore platform or installations except they are moored in place or provided with a temporary support structure instead of provided with fixed supports to the seabed. The major process fire and explosion risks are identical to the risks produced on offshore platforms. They have one addition major facility risk, that is the maintenance of buoyancy of the installation. Should fire or explosion effects cause a loss of buoyancy (or even stability) the entire facility is at risk of submergence. Adequate compartimization and integrity assurances must be implemented in these instances. 

Dermal Effects. Skin rash and mouth sores were reported in persons living near a site with contaminated well water resulting from an overturned tanker car carrying 37,900 L of 100% phenol (Baker et al. 1978). The level of phenol in the drinking water of this cohort was >0.1 mg/L, and while substantial oral exposure probably occurred, dermal exposure cannot be ruled out. Increases in the prevalence of skin rashes and sore throats were reported by persons drinking water from a river contaminated by an accidental spill of phenol (Kim et al. 1994). Because the water was chlorinated before use, the effect may also have been a result of exposure to chlorophenol. 

Petroleum hydrocarbons (oil and combustion by-products such as PAHs) Runoff and atmospheric deposition from land activities shipping and tanker operations accidental spills, coastal and offshore oil and gas production natural seepage Toxic effects including birth defects, cancer, and systemic poisoning. Tar balls degrade beach habitat. 

Seventeen people exposed to phosphorus trichloride liquid and its hydration products after a tanker accident were evaluated. Those closest to the spill experienced burning of the eyes, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cough. Six patients had transient elevation of lactic dehydrogenase. Chest roentgenograms were normal. Pulmonary function tests showed statistically significant decreases in vital capacity and FEVi in direct correlation with distance from the accident and duration of exposure. Of the 17 patients examined 1 month later, pulmonary function tests showed improvement, suggesting that acute effects were due to phosphorus trichloride toxicity. ... 

Solve the tanker truck spill problem of Example 2.2 using explicit, central differences to predict concentrations over time in the groundwater table. Compare these with those of the analytical solution. The mass spilled is 3,000 kg of ammonia over 100 nf, and the effective dispersion coefficient through the groundwater matrix is 10 m2/s. 

It can also be seen from Table 1 that the small amounts of light components have an even greater effect on true vapor pressure than on Reid vapor pressure. True vapor pressure more accurately measures the tendency of a crude oil to cause problems in the offshore loading of tankers, in pump stations of open system oil pipelines, and in increased vaporization losses in storage and in transit. True vapor pressure of crude oil will be fixed by the operating temperature and pressure of the last stage of oil-gas separation, or the bottom conditions of any crude stabilization unit, if no other liquids are added back to the crude stream. 

Resonant waves (see Figure 3) result from the liquid natural frequency Inside the vessel approaching the excitation frequency of the tanker, barge, or sem1-submers1ble. Degradation of the process Is caused by Increased gas velocities, as 1n the case of the spirit level effect, and possible phase mixing In the oil and water draw off compartments. 

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