Purge effectiveness

No measurable losses due to purging of the pesticides occurred during aeration. The surprising lack of a purging effect was attributed to the presence of soil and the closed lid system. 

A new formulation of a saline laxative, Visicol, that is useful to prepare patients for procedures, was approved for use in 2001. Each 2-g tablet contains 1.102 g sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate and 0.398 g sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, for a total of 1.5 g sodium phosphate. Visicol tablets, taken in two doses of 30 g approximately 12 hours apart, induce diarrhea that rapidly and effectively cleanses the entire colon. Each administration has a purgative effect for approximately 1 to 3 hours. 

Da Huang is a very good purgative agent compared with such agents in western medicine. It stimulates the intestines and purges the bowels without severe cramp. The purgative effect appears... 

When these two groups are used together, the purgative effect is achieved without injuring the fluid in the intestines. 

Da Huang is bitter and cold, and can intensively stimulate the intestines to promote bowel movement. From this purgative effect, it eliminates the heat in the intestines. Mang Xiao is salty and cold, can increase the fluid in the intestines and soften the stool. These two substances can enhance each others effects. They can effectively clear the heat in the intestines and treat constipation. However, as they are both purgatives they may injure the fluid in the intestines and therefore should not be used for a long period of time. 

Rhubarb is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obturation, acute inflammatory intestinal disease, appendicitis, and abdominal pain of unknown origin. Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as a side effect of the purgative effect of the drug. Long-term use leads to losses of electrolytes, in particular K+ ions, and as a result of this, to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal motility, and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive steroids in rare cases it also leads to heart arrhythmias, nephropathies, edemas, and accelerated bone deterioration. 

Rumex species are widely used locally for the control of intestinal helminthic conditions. There are five Rumex species in Kenya - Rumex abyssinicus, R. usambarense, R. bequaertii, R. ruwenzoriensis and R. crispus, according to their grouping in the Key to Species . The compounds that have significant distribution are the common anthraquinones emodin, physcion and chrysophanol, along with the polyketide naphthalenic compound, nepodin, whose distribution is in accordance with the Key. The compounds have been reported to have a purgative effect no doubt this is the mechanism by which they exert their traditionally attractive anthelmintic activity. The traditional applications of some of the species are shown in Table 2. 

As noted above, other examples of revenge tragedies in which poisons become medicinal by dint of their purgative effect include especially Sejanus and The White Devil, discussed in Chapter i. 

Anthrone or its tautomer anthrol or its hydroxy derivatives (i.e., the aglycones) are found to exert purgative effects. However, the anthraquinone glycosides are usually present in several herbal drugs, such as senna, cascara, rhubarb and aloes. 

Certain abortifacients have drastic purgative effects or are gastrointestinal irritants that can produce reflex uterine contraction. Many volatile oils, such as oil of tansy Tanacetum vulgare), and saponin glycosides, such as those found in bethroot Trillium erectum), act in this manner. 

As the recapture of solvent increases the purge effect of losses from a system may be reduced from, say, one part of new solvent to three of recycled to one to nine. Impurities which had been tolerable before can thus become unacceptable. These impurities are often the most volatile material in the system and may be so low in concentration in the feed that the tops arising in a single batch are too rich in desirable solvent to be sent to disposal. Providing the next batch is a repeat of the one that went before, the tops can be held in the reflux loop at the end of the batch and further enriched in the light fronts for disposal (Fig. 11.6). 

Documented effects Preparations of this species have laxative properties that are associated with the presence of anthragly-cosides and related compounds (mainly emodin), which act by stimulating the walls of the large intestines and moderately strengthen wave-and pendulum-like movements (Maznev 2004). An ethanolic extract of this species had high antimyco-bacterial activity but also purgative effects (Newton et al. 2000). 

To verify that the beneficial effect of the ino-ease in the nitrogen flow rate is due to its purging effect, hydroxide activation has been stndied nsing other inert atmospheres (argon and helinm). The ACs have been prepared from an anthracite, keeping constant all the experimental variables. Table 1.9 snmmarizes porosity characterization of the samples prepared and shows that porosity development and yield are quite similar. From the isotherm shapes (not shown) and from the results in Table 1.9, it must be noted that porosity development follows the order He < Nj... 

Therapeutic Use. An early pharmacological study on convolvulaceous resins was published by Hagentom (1857). Resin glycosides induce peristaltic movements in the small intestine resulting in numerous aqueous bowel movements within 1-2 h even after moderate dosages. However, the mechanism causing the purgative effect still remains to be elucidated (Pereda-Miranda and Bah 2003). Based on his... 

After dosing the mice are observed and the responses scored either as the number showing a purgative effect (quantal effect) or as the number of wet faeces excreted per mouse (graded effect) and potency estimates with their limits of error calculated by the methods given on page 841. 

The assays fall into two main groups (a) those in which an all or none effect is noted, such as the occurrence of convulsion, death, purgative effect, etc., and which are called quantal response assays and (b) those in which each response is graded in itself such as the measured fall in blood sugar level, or the coagulation time in blood systems, such assays being called continuous response assays. 

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