Synergistic additives

Lead has also been found to interact with a number of other metals in the bodies of animals with resultant synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. 

Synergy studies are in vitro tests that attempt to measure synergistic, additive, indifferent, or antagonistic drug interactions. In general, these tests have not been standardized and have not correlated well with clinical outcome. (See section on Antimicrobial Drug Combinations for details.)... 

C.S. Liu, C.A. Migdal, N.R. Crawford, and R.I. Yamamota, Polyisobutylene succinimide and ethylene-propylene succinimide synergistic additives for lubricating oils compositions, US Patent 6117 825, assigned to Ethyl Corporation (Richmond, VA), September 12, 2000. 

SINSTAD POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITIONS FOR POLYMERS. XII. SYNERGISTIC ADDITIVES IN SINSTAD COMPOSITION... 

Commercial PP and LLDPE resins were used. Their properties are listed in Table IV. For the first stage of the program PP/LLDPE = 50 50 blends were examined with or without 10 wtX of compatlblllzlng ethylene-propylene block copolymer EP-1 or EP-2 ( 39. Surprisingly, even at -40°C, the mechanical properties of the two-component blends were found to be either additive or synergistic. Addition of EP did not significantly affect them. For this reason, in the more extensive studies which followed only two component LLDPE/PP blends were investigated (40, 41, 69). 

Hass BS, Brooks EE, Schumann KE, et al. 1981. Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic mutagenic responses to binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene as detected by strains TA98 and TAI 00 in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Environ Mutagen 3(2) 159-166. 

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has a high level of chlorine and as a result is considered inherently flame retardant. However, in many circumstances further improvement in flammability reduction of PVC is desired. An efficient way to enhance flame retardation of PVC is by the addition of Sb202 as a synergist. Additive retardants based on halogen and/or phosphorus are also employed. 

G. Mixed Exposures and Synergistic, Additive, or Other Combined Effects... 

NutrUife . [Griinau] Enzyme-protein compds. synergistic additive with emukifiers for baking process. 

Woric has been carried out on solutions containing more than one metal [40-42]. These authors show that can be synergistic, additive or antagonistic activity depending upon the actual metals and concentration ratios. 

To elucidate the mechanism of transformation of phenolic sulphides, some data can be used dealing with transformations of aliphatic sulphides, applied as synergistic additives, or with transformations of aromatic sulphides. However, the relationships should be extrapolated only very carefully. Further experimental data are necessary to establish the whole transformation mechanism of phenolic sulphides. 

The effects of chemical mixture on a biological system could be synergistic, additive, or antagorustic. The system coefficient approach provides a means for quantitative assessment of the additive contributions of the chemical mixtures. It also can be used to detect the existence of the synergistic or antagonistic interactions by examining the deviations of the experimental observed values from those predicted by the system coefficient approach. 

Some understanding of the corrosion of aluminium alloys used as cladding on research and test reactor fuel has been obtained from the CRP. Aluminium corrosion is extremely complex and the variables affecting localized corrosion (pitting and crevice corrosion) act both independently and synergistically. Additional information about the effects of deposited particle composition on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys is needed. Surface finish affects the corrosion of aluminium alloys, and more information is required with respect to this parameter. Additional data on the effects of certain impurity ions in basin water on localized corrosion behaviour are necessary to better identify the ions that cause corrosion. A goal would be to develop an equation for pitting as a function of water chemistry parameters. 

The HSAB approach helped to find new effective extractants such as 2-octylaminopyridine for soft platinum metals (22), to select synergistic additives like the... 

A main line of development now is multi-functional additives, such as reinforcing fillers talc is added to polypropylene to improve stiffness and heat stability, pigments can aid in UV protection, plasticizers also function as lubricants and anti-static agents. A potentially fertile field is that of synergism between components, where better performance in vital properties such as weathering and flammability can be achieved by using lower concentrations of synergistic additives. 

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