Synthetic co Polymers

Polymer conjugates are most useful in the context of immuno-conjugates. Other protein constructs such as fusion proteins can assist their future development. Soluble polymer con- 

8 Strategies for Specific Drug Targeting to Tumour Cells 

Initially, liposomes seemed to be optimal drug carrier systems, but further research in general showed disappointing results [97]. The clinical utility of what are now called conventional liposomes was limited by their rapid uptake by phagocytic cells of the immune system, predominantly in the liver and spleen, resulting in their largely uncontrollable properties upon administration in vivo. 

---

Co-assembly of neutral-ionic blocks, 2009 [42] graft, random copolymers with oppositely chaiged species in aqueous solution synthetic (co)polymers of various architectures biopolymers multivalent ions metallic nanoparticles surfactants polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles metaUo-supramolecular polymers... 

Injection brine salinity/hardness Not critical but may determine which polymers can be used High salinity/hardness - biopolymer or new synthetic co-polymers Lower salinity/hardness ->HPAM... 

With the idea of extending the scope of the macromolecular engineering of aliphatic polyesters, the coordination-insertion ROP of lactones and dilactones has been combined with other polymerization processes. This section aims at reviewing the new synthetic routes developed during the last few years for building up novel (co)polymer structures based on aliphatic polyesters, at least partially. 

Calculations of conformational energy made by means of molecular mechanics fully confirm these conclusions. Such calculations were first introduced into the examination of synthetic crystalline polymers by Liquori and co-workers (175, 176) and were extensively used by Natta, Corradini, Allegra, Ganis, and co-workers (168, 177-179). The conformational energy map of isotactic poly-... 

Enzymatic polymerizations have been established as a promising and versatile technique in the synthetic toolbox of polymer chemists. The applicability of this technique for homo- and copolymerizations has been known for some time. With the increasing number of reports on the synthesis of more complex structures like block copolymers, graft copolymers, chiral (co)polymers, and chiral crosslinked nanoparticles, its potential further increases. Although not a controlled polymerization technique itself, clever reaction design and integration with other polymerization techniques like controlled radical polymerization allows the procurement of well-defined polymer structures. Specific unique attributes of the enzyme can be applied... 

An important group of surface-active nonionic synthetic polymers (nonionic emulsifiers) are ethylene oxide (block) (co)polymers. They have been widely researched and some interesting results on their behavior in water have been obtained [33]. Amphiphilic PEO copolymers are currently of interest in such applications as polymer emulsifiers, rheology modifiers, drug carriers, polymer blend compatibilizers, and phase transfer catalysts. Examples are block copolymers of EO and styrene, graft or block copolymers with PEO branches anchored to a hydrophilic backbone, and star-shaped macromolecules with PEO arms attached to a hydrophobic core. One of the most interesting findings is that some block micelle systems in fact exists in two populations, i.e., a bimodal size distribution. 

Wolfert, M.A., Schacht, E.H., Toncheva, V., Ulbrich, K., Nazarova, O. and Seymour, L.W. (1996) Characterization of vectors for gene therapy formed by self-assembly of DNA with synthetic block co-polymers. Hum. Gene Ther., 7, 2123-2133. 

Polymer colloids involve dispersions containing polymer particles having sizes greater than about 1 nm. If dispersed in aqueous solution, such a polymer dispersion is called a latex. These are usually synthetic polymer particles formed by free radical polymerization [784], Many kinds of polymerization systems exist, involving almost all of the possible kinds of colloidal dispersion, including emulsion polymerization, hence the more general term heterophase polymerization is sometimes used. Several reviews are available [785-789]. Emulsion polymerization provides a convenient means of controlling the polymerization of monomers and is used to make, for example, synthetic rubber which is mostly a co-polymer of butadiene and styrene. 

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) A totally synthetic absorbable polymer with an extensive history of safe use in humans (76-79)... 

Synthetic biodegradable polymers such as aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters. 

Starch-based biopolymers are lower cost materials than some other biodegradable polymer types such as synthetic co-polyesters and PLA. They are produced from relatively cheap agricultural feedstock and have simpler manufacturing processes compared with synthetic biopolymers. 

---