Synthetic analog system

Synthetic analog clusters have played a pivotal role in development of Fe-S cluster biochemistry. Indeed, the synthesis and characterization of clusters with [Fe2( t2-S)2], [Fe4( (,3-S)4], and linear [Fe3( t2-S)4l cores by Holm and co-workers (47, 48) were crucial in establishing the properties of these clusters and identifying these types of centers in biological systems. However, the synthesis of a cluster with the physi-... 

Azoxystrobin is a synthetic analog of naturally occurring strobilurins and oudemansins. The preventative, curative, eradicant, translaminar and systemic properties facilitate control of a wide range of major plant pathogens in many crops... 

The main goals of this research are (1) to characterize polynuclear rhenium complexes which are capable of multielectron transfer reactions (2) to come up with appropriate conclusions on the redox-initiated transformations of this synthetic analog through the use of a new design of spectroelectrochemical cell and (3) propose possible systems or investigations where infrared spectroelectrochemi-stiy can be very useful. 

Metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions have been a mainstay of synthetic chemistry because of their ability to proceed irreversibly and with high selectivity [42]. It is also feasible, however, to produce analogous systems that are completely reversible and nonselective, or ideally situated for use in DCC. These are essentially metal-catalyzed transesterification reactions, with the added feature of potentially providing stereochemical scrambling (and selection) as well as constitutional variation. An early example of this was provided in 2000 by Kaiser and Sanders [43]. In the absence of a template, reaction of diallyl diacetate 22 with a dicarboxylic acid in the presence of catalytic Pd(0) produced a negligible amount of the cycfized compound 23 (Fig. 1.9). However, when templated with 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl) benzene, yield of the cyclic structure increased to roughly 10%, independent of the dicarboxylic acid used. 

Pharmacology Iloprost is a synthetic analog of prostacyclin PGl2- Iloprost dilates systemic and pulmonary arterial vascular beds. 

Desmopressin (the synthetic analog of vasopressin) acts by increasing water retention and urine concentration in the distal tubules of the kidney. This drug is administered intranasally (20-40 pg or one to two sprays) using a unit-dose, spray pump delivery system. The duration of action is 10 to 12 hours. The medication is expensive. 

Biochemical pesticides include all naturally occurring substances (or their structurally similar synthetic analogs) that are intended for use as attractants, repellents, desiccants, semiochemicals, plant and insect regulators, and induced systemic response (ISR) and systemic acquired response (SAR) inducers. 

Internal standard calibration is used when the changes in the analytical system are known to be frequent and substantial. To compensate for these changes, internal standards at known concentrations are added to all calibration standards, field samples, and laboratory QC samples prior to analysis. Internal standards are synthetic analogs of specific target compounds or compounds that are similar in nature to the target analytes and that are not found in environmental samples. Internal standard calibration is a requirement of GC/MS methods. Laboratories sometimes use it for GC methods as it significantly improves the accuracy of compound quantitation. 

Sismour AM, Benner SA (2005) The use of thymidine analogs to improve the replication of an extra DNA base pair a synthetic biological system. Nucleic Acids Res 33 5640-5646... 

Averill, B. A., Orme-Johnson, W. H. Iron-sulfur proteins and their synthetic analogs, in Metal Ions in Biological Systems, V. 7, Iron in Model and Natural Compounds (ed.) Sigel, H., p. 127, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1978... 

---