Synonyms for

The two exponential tenns are complex conjugates of one another, so that all structure amplitudes must be real and their phases can therefore be only zero or n. (Nearly 40% of all known structures belong to monoclinic space group Pl c. The systematic absences of (OlcO) reflections when A is odd and of (liOl) reflections when / is odd identify this space group and show tiiat it is centrosyimnetric.) Even in the absence of a definitive set of systematic absences it is still possible to infer the (probable) presence of a centre of synnnetry. A J C Wilson [21] first observed that the probability distribution of the magnitudes of the structure amplitudes would be different if the amplitudes were constrained to be real from that if they could be complex. Wilson and co-workers established a procedure by which the frequencies of suitably scaled values of F could be compared with the tlieoretical distributions for centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric structures. (Note that Wilson named the statistical distributions centric and acentric. These were not intended to be synonyms for centrosyimnetric and noncentrosynnnetric, but they have come to be used that way.)... 

Ethylene is an acceptable synonym for ethene in the lUPAC system Propylene isobuty lene and other common names ending in ylene are not acceptable lUPAC names... 

In each case the ring is numbered starting at the oxygen The lUPAC rules also permit oxirane (without substituents) to be called ethylene oxide Tetrahydrofuran and tetrahy dropyran are acceptable synonyms for oxolane and oxane respectively... 

The initiators which are used in addition polymerizations are sometimes called catalysts, although strictly speaking this is a misnomer. A true catalyst is recoverable at the end of the reaction, chemically unchanged. Tliis is not true of the initiator molecules in addition polymerizations. Monomer and polymer are the initial and final states of the polymerization process, and these govern the thermodynamics of the reaction the nature and concentration of the intermediates in the process, on the other hand, determine the rate. This makes initiator and catalyst synonyms for the same material The former term stresses the effect of the reagent on the intermediate, and the latter its effect on the rate. The term catalyst is particularly common in the language of ionic polymerizations, but this terminology should not obscure the importance of the initiation step in the overall polymerization mechanism. 

Peroxosulfiiric Acids and Their Salts. Two kiads of peroxosulfiiric acid are known peroxomonosulfuric and peroxodisulfuric acids. Neither is available commercially ia the pure state. The name Caro s acid is commonly used as a synonym for peroxomonosulfuric acid, but is better reserved for the equiUbrium mixture with sulfuric acid. 

Common names, chemical stmcture, and synonyms for the vitamins are given in Table 3. The names given to the vitamins and/or their letter designations do not foUow a logical pattern and are of historical significance only. Despite this, the nomenclature is in common use. 

Fig. 3. Stmcture of streptogramia A, and when the bond denoted is saturated, of ostreogrycki G. Synonyms for streptogramia A are mikamycin A, PA114A, pristkiamycki IIA, vernamycin A, ostreogrycki A, vkginiamycki Ml, and staphylomycia M. Synonyms for ostreogrycki G are vkginiamycki M2...

Canadian and European practice (2—4) and geologists and archaeologists in the United States use bitumen or asphaltic bitumen as a synonym for asphalt, and apply asphalt to the mixture of bitumen and inorganic matter that is used for paving purposes. On the other hand, pitches and tars are derived from the destmctive distillation of coal, cmde oils, and other organic materials. 

Chloro-l,2-propanediol [96-24-2] HOCH2CHOHCH2CI, a liquid with = 1.4831 (6), boils at 213°C and 101.3 kPa (1 atm) with decomposition. It can be distilled at 114—120°C at 1.87 kPa (14 mm Hg). Synonyms for this compound include 3-chloro-l,2-dihydroxypropane, glycerol monochlorohydrin, a-chlorohydrin, and 3-chloropropylene glycol. It is miscible in water, ethanol, ethyl ether, and acetone [67-64-1] (8) and is soluble in hot... 

In general, replacement prefixes should not be added to heterocyclic parent names, because of the resulting multiplicity of possible synonyms. For example, structure (27) should not be named 2,3,4,6-tetraazaindole or 3,4,6-triazaindazole without very good... 

Agitator is a term most commonly used as a synonym for the more specific term impeller. 

Several definitions of pollution prevention can be found in the literature (e.g., El-Halwagi and Petrides, 1995 Freeman, 1995 Theodore et al, 1994 Noyes, 1993). These definitions vary in the scope of pollution prevention. Throughout this book, the term pollution prevention will be used to describe any activity that is aimed at reducing, to the extent feasible, the release of undesirable substances to the environment. Other terms such as waste minimization, reduction, and management will be used interchangeably as synonyms for pollution prevention. 

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

Cocculus Thunbergii (which Read gives as a synonym for C. trilobus) the neutral principle ihunbergin, C2oHj40g, m.p. 277-277-5°, and mufangchine, Ci4H240j4N4j, m.p. 231-5°. 

With a = 2/3 this is identical to the Dirac expression. The original method used a = 1, but a value of 3/4 has been shown to give better agreement for atomic and molecular systems. The name Slater is often used as a synonym for the L(S)DA exchange energy involving die electron density raised to the 4/3 power (1/3 power for the energy density). 

Having met Joule for the first time at the 1847 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford, Thomson initially accepted that Joule s experiments had shown that work converted into heat. Committed to Carnot s theory of the production of work from a fall of heat, however, he could not accept the converse proposition that work had been converted into heat could simply be recovered as useful work. Therefore, he could not agree to Joule s claim for mutual convertibility. By 1848 he had appropriated from the lectures of the late Thomas Young (reprinted in the mid-1840s) the term energy as a synonym for vis viva (the term in use at the time, traditionally measured as mtc) and its equivalent terms such as work, but as yet the term appeared only in a footnote. 

Weight (or Mass) Basis. The terms weight fraction and weight percent" are often used as synonymous for mass fraction and mass percent, respectively. If the total... 

A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+), and a Bronsted-Lowry base is a substance that accepts a proton. (The name proton is often used as a synonym for hydrogen ion, H+, because loss of the valence electron from a neutral hydrogen atom leaves only the hydrogen nucleus— a proton.) When gaseous hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, for example, a polar HC1 molecule acts as an acid and donates a proton, while a water molecule acts as a base and accepts the proton, yielding hydronium ion (H30+) and chloride ion (Cl-). 

The pressure exerted by a column of mercury depends on its density, which varies slightly with temperature. To get around this ambiguity, the torr was defined to be the pressure exerted by 1 mm of mercury at certain specified conditions, notably 0°C. Over time, the unit torr has become a synonym for millimeter of mercury. Throughout this text, we will use millimeter of mercury rather than torr because the former has a clearer physical meaning. 

Nociceptin and orphanin are synonyms for the peptide that acts at an opioid-like receptor. Nociceptin may act by inhibiting tachykinin release from sensory C-fibres, and a clinical trial has started to test its effects on cough. 

Some authors use the term mutation as a synonym for genetic polymorphism. However, it is recommended to reserve the term mutation for genetic variations acquired within the life span of an organism such as those mutations acquired in tumor tissues during multi-step carcinogenesis. 

For convenience of searching for information on similar compounds, chemicals are grouped under 80 chemical classes. These same classes are used with the expert system. Synonyms for many of the compounds are also included where it is likely that the synonym might simplify searching. These same synonyms are also used in the expert system. 

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