Swiss methods

In Ref. 42, we see a review of the risk assessment methods used in Switzerland, and an application to assessing risks in solid propellant production. In the Swiss methods, one first defines individual risk r, as... 

Basle showed that, through applying CIBA-standards of write-offs, Holliday was barely profitable, Clayton was in considerable deficit, while CIBA maintained profit levels of between 10 and 20 per cent on capital employed. CIBA knew that Clayton was not profitable, but was optimistic that Swiss methods would bring about changes for the better. Therefore it acquired Clayton in 1911. However, the dyestuff production department at Clayton continued to generate losses that could not be offset by the second and bigger department, that for intermediates. Until the outbreak of World War I, when Clayton engaged in munitions manufacture, the Manchester firm remained in considerable deficit. 

The thermal comfort was evaluated with hourly mean values of the air temperature in the occupied zone, plotted against the maximum I h mean outdoor temperature value of the day. Only the period from April 1 to October 30 and only working hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m. are considered. 7 his evaluation method is based on the Swiss standard SIA V382/2. The minimum and maximum allowable comfort temperatures are adapted to the usual activity and clothing levels of the workers in the hall (see Figs. 11.55 and 11.56). 

Confluent Swiss 3T3 cells were serum-starved by incubation for 48 hr in DME containing 0.1% PCS. Cells were then incubated with the indicated compound at 37 C in the presence of H-thymidine, 0.1 or 10% PCS for 19.5 hr, washed, and then assayed for H-thymidine incorporation into DNA as described in Methods. 

Initial efforts by workers at the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement (IRMM), Geel, Belgium, to produce certified reference materials for GMOs have demonstrated that the provision of suitable reference materials is not easy and that together with the development of suitable analytical methods there are many challenges to be solved ahead. The first two examples produced jointly by the IRMM in Belgium and Fluka Chemie AG in Switzerland were based on Round-Up Ready Soya and BT 176 Maize. The reference materials are needed to validate EU and Swiss regulations which permit non-GMO products to be contaminated by up to 1 % GMO material and still be accepted. 

Muller must have been disappointed to learn that he was not the discoverer of DDT. Sixty-five years earlier and seventy miles down the Rhine River, an Austrian graduate student at the University of Strasbourg had synthesized the compound as part of his chemistry doctoral thesis. Although Othmar Zeidler described many of DDT s properties and developed the method used to make it commercially, he overlooked the compound s insecticidal powers. And because DDT was not used to make dyestuffs, it was soon forgotten. Thus, when Geigy took out the basic Swiss patent in March 1940, it was for DDT s use as an insecticide. 

The total risk assessment process used by the Swiss is shown in Fig. 38. In Switzerland, an acceptable individual risk has been established to be 3 x 10-/Vyear. It is interesting to note that this value is not far from that footnoted in Table VI, which converts to 10 3/year. But, methods of calculating probabilities in Refs. 41 and 42 are quite different. 

Figure 37. Risk Matrix for Swiss Risk Assessment Methods. (Ref. 42)...

These redundancies should not be present in SWISS-PROT or TrEMBL thus it was necessary to find methods to manipulate the data from redundant source databases to meet the stringent standards of minimal redundancy. The objective was to recognize and eliminate the redundancy already present in the databases and to prevent further redundancy entering the database. 

The second postprocessing step is the automated enhancement of the TrEMBL annotation to bring TrEMBL entries closer to SWISS-PROT standard. There is an increasing need for reliable automatic functional annotation to cope with the rapidly increasing amount of sequence data. Most of the current approaches are still based on sequence similarity searches against known proteins. Some groups try to collect the results of different prediction tools in a simple way, e.g., PEDANT (Frishman and Mewes, 1997) or GeneQuiz (Scharf et al., 1994). However, several pitfalls of these methods have been reported (Bork and Koonin, 1998). 

To enhance the annotation of TrEMBL, a novel method for the prediction of this information has been developed (Fleischmann et al., 1999). The principle is simple The method tries to find SWISS-PROT entries belonging to the same protein family as the unannotated TrEMBL entry, extracts the annotation shared by all SWISS-PROT entries, assigns this... 

Effect of the extracts on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice was determined according to Whittle method with some modifications [5]. Each test sample was administered orally to a group of ten mice, which were male Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) were purchased from the animal breeding laboratories of Refik Saydam Central Institute of Health (Ankara, Turkey), in 0.2 mF20 g body weight. Thirty minutes after the administration each mice was injected with 0.1 ml of 4% Evans blue (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) in saline solution (/.v.) at the... 

This first formula is a street method, but I am sure it was taken from the Swiss patents 252,755 and/or 254,106. You should always look up all references, even though I know that this method does work and I have double checked all the figures. 

Various BPA were compared using their LD50 (according to Reed and Muench s method [30]) following single intravenous injection (rate = 2 mL min ) in female mice of the Swiss strain. 

JL he Swiss-German alchemist Leonhard Thumeysser (1531— 1596) recognized several substances by their behavior when heated and by the colors they impart to the flame, and described his method of analysis in a poem that begins ... 

The Swiss Agency of Environment and Landscape decided to re-evaluate mechanical metal separation techniques to reduce the landfill volume and to improve the BA quality for deposition by exploiting metal resources. A sampling campaign in all 28 incineration plants was initiated to verify BA quality and to establish a solid data base. A common sampling procedure, sample treatment, and analytical method were prescribed in order to obtain consistent information of chemical and structural composition and the leaching behaviour of current BA. This paper is focused on the chemical and mineralogi-cal results from the study. 

The next great chemist to take up the challenge of making other human steroids was the Austrian-born Carl Djerassi, who fled his coimtry after the Nazi invasion in iggS, and joined the Swiss owned CIBA company in New York. He subsequently joined Syntex (now a respectable company after that shady start) and devised a way of making cortisone from extracts of Mexican yams or sisal. However, the Syntex synthesis of cortisone was never commercially successful because a competing method, involving the use of microbial fermentation, could provide a cheaper product. 

There are at least 1000 named cheese varieties, most of which have very limited production. The principal families are Cheddar, Dutch, Swiss and Pasta filata (e.g. Mozzarella), which together account for about 80% of total cheese production. All varieties can be classified into three superfamilies based on the method used to coagulate the milk, i.e. rennet coagulation (representing about 75% of total production), isoelectric (acid) coagulation and a combination of heat and acid (which represents a very minor group). 

Presence of these ginsenosides is the chemical marker that characterize P. ginseng C.A. Meyer, as well as its extracts and galenic forms. By the 1970s at the ETH-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, we had developed new analytical technologies for the analysis of medicinal plants.4"6 We created HPLC analytical methods for the quantification of the ginsenosides contained in roots and finished products.7 9 Before then, various methods... 

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