Ciba Company

The commercial interest in epoxide (epoxy) resins was first made apparent by the publication of German Patent 676117 by I G Farben in 1939 which described liquid polyepoxides. In 1943 P. Castan filed US Patent 2 324483, covering the curing of the resins with dibasic acids. This important process was subsequently exploited by the Ciba Company. A later patent of Castan covered the hardening of epoxide resins with alkaline catalysts used in the range 0.1-5% This patent, however, became of somewhat restricted value as the important amine hardeners are usually used in quantities higher than 5%. 

The Novartis Foundation is an international scientific and educational charity (UK Registered Charity No. 313574). Known until September 1997 as the Ciba Foundation, it was established in 1947 by the CIBA company of Basle, which merged with Sandoz in 1996, to form Novartis. The Foundation operates independently in London under English trust law. It was formally opened on 22 June 1949. 

These are cross-linked polymers in which cross-linking is achieved by reaction of Epoxy groups. The epoxy adhesive were developed by Ciba Company in 1943. Devoe and Reynold Company developed... 

The next great chemist to take up the challenge of making other human steroids was the Austrian-born Carl Djerassi, who fled his coimtry after the Nazi invasion in iggS, and joined the Swiss owned CIBA company in New York. He subsequently joined Syntex (now a respectable company after that shady start) and devised a way of making cortisone from extracts of Mexican yams or sisal. However, the Syntex synthesis of cortisone was never commercially successful because a competing method, involving the use of microbial fermentation, could provide a cheaper product. 

Niobium and tantalum powders can be obtained from the Rare Metals Division of the Ciba Company, Fair Lawn, N.J., or from the Kawecki Chemical Co., Boyer-town, Pa. Molybdenum and tantalum used in this study were supplied by Alfa Inorganics, Inc., P.O. Box 159, Beverly, Mass. 01915. Metals are also available from Climax Molybdenum Company, P.O. Box 1568, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106. 

Epichlorhydrin which is used for the synthesis of epoxy resins is a suspected carcinogen in animals. Thanks to the well developed manufacturing processes, practically all the current commercially available epoxy resins contain only the smallest traces of epichlorhydrin (Occupational Hygiene Advices for Manufacturing and Processing Plastics of CIBA, Company brochure). 

Up to the 1960s, the treatment of atherosclerosis was only symptomatic. [363] Thus, for example for lowering blood pressure, there was used an extract from the snake-shaped roots of Rauwolfia serpentina, which was already known to the ancient Hindus (Fig. 5.149). [364] In 1952, EmU Schlittler (1906-1979) of the Ciba company isolated reserpine as its hypotensive principle, and determined its constitution. In particular, he also recognised the relationship to the large class of yohimbine alkaloids. The first constitutional total synthesis was achieved in 1956 by R. B. Woodward. [365-367] It counts as one of his most notable contributions to modern synthetic chemistry and formed the basis of industrial processes for the synthesis of this drug. In 1989, Gilbert Stork published a stereospecific total synthesis. [368]... 

The first commercial epoxy resins produced from a common reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A (DGEBA) were pioneered, almost simultaneously, by the Swiss inventor P. Castan (under the Ciba Company license) and by S. O. Greenlee (woiking with Devoe Reynolds Company) back in the 1940s (Pascault and Williams 2010). Since then, the versatility of epoxies and the innovation in formulation has resulted in plenty of epoxy resin-based materials, with uses across an enormously wide variety of industries (Petrie 2005). Nowadays, engineered nano-structured epoxy-based materials can be manufactured and potentially used as novel functional materials for a number of new applications in... 

The chemical industry manufactures a large number of antioxidants (qv) as well as uv stabilizers and their mixtures with other additives used to facilitate resin processing. These companies include American Cyanamid, BASE, Ciba—Geigy, Eastman Chemical, Elf Atochem, Enichem, General Electric, Hoechst—Celanese, Sandoz, and Uniroyal, among others. The combined market for these products in the United States exceeded 900 million in 1994 and will reach 1 billion in the year 2000. 

Commercial BMI Resins. Since the late 1960s, bismaleimide resins have been commercially available. The first company in the marketplace was Rhc ne Poulenc Chimie, Erance. Several others, Technochemie, Germany CIBA GEIGY, Switzerland DSM, The Netherlands, BASE, West Germany Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals and MitsuiToatsu, both of Japan Reichhold and Polyorganics from the United States and Shell Chemical Company, United States (through the acquisition of Technochemie by Deutsche Shell AG), followed. Some of them lost interest in this speciaUty market sector. Table 13 indicates the BMI resins available at the end of 1992. No reference is made to prepreg systems available from various sources. A complete Hst of available products and information on any particular material should be obtained from the suppHers. 

In the USA producers included Eastman Kodak (Tenite PTMT), General Electric Corporation of America (Valox), and American Celanese (Celanex). In Europe major producers by the end of the decade were AKZO (Amite PBTP), BASF (Ultradur), Bayer (Pocan) and Ciba-Geigy (Crastin). Other producers included ATO, Hills, Montedison and Dynamit Nobel. With the total Western European market at the end of the decade only about 7000 tonnes other companies at one time involved in the market such as ICI (Deroton) withdrew. 

A premium antiscalent product in this group is Flocon 100 from Great Lakes Chemical Corporation (originally the brand was owned by Pfizer, then Ciba-Geigy, then FMC). Flocon 100 is a 35% w/w, 2,000 MW acrylic acid polymer. An alternate and much more concentrated product is Good-Rite K-752, a 62.5% w/w, 2,100 MW acrylic acid polymer from Noveon, Inc. (formerly BF Goodrich Company). 

Research Department, Division of Chemistry, CIBA Pharmaceutical Company, Division of CIBA Corporation, Summit, New Jersey. 

National market shares shifted as fast as fashion taste. Five years after the London exhibition, another international fair was held in Paris. By then, the dyes market had tripled in value, although French dye companies—like some of their colors—were fading. Their chemists were emigrating to Switzerland where future chemical giants, including Novartis forerunners, Ciba and Geigy, would flourish. 

Richard C. Honeycutt, Ph.D., was born in Newport News, VA, in 1945. He attended Anderson University in Anderson, IN, from 1963 to 1967 and earned an A.B. in Chemistry. He received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Purdue University in 1971 and served as a Postdoctoral Fellow from 1971 to 1973 at the Smithsonian Institution s Radiation Biology Laboratory. Dr. Honeycutt worked as a Senior Chemist at Rohm and Haas Company from 1973 to 1976 and as a Senior Metabolism Chemist at Ciba Geigy from 1976 to 1989. Currently, he is President of the Hazard Evaluation and Regulatory Affairs Company, Inc., which he founded in 1990, and is an analytical biochemist and field research specialist/consultant engaged in exposure assessment of pesticides to humans and the environment. 

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