Sweeteners additives

Compounds such as H2S and mercaptans are not commonly found in finished fuels. However, the possibility of carryover of these compounds into finished fuels can occur if fuel processed from high-sulfur crude oil is not properly stripped, caustic washed, or sweetened through refining. If H2S and mercaptans are found in finished fuel, they can still be removed by the addition of chemical sweetening additives. 

The gasoline specification ASTM D-4814 states that gasoline must pass the ASTM D-130 test with a corrosion rating of lb or better before it can be sold. The addition of sweetening additives to fuels which do not meet this specification can often improve the corrosion rating. Additive treat rates of 25 to 1000 ppm are common. The following test conditions are recommended for various fuels and oils ... 

Use fuel sweetening additives which chemically react with corroding agent use sweetener at treat rate of one to two times the concentration of the corroding agent... 

Garda-Jimenez, J. F., M. C. Valencia, and L. F. Capitan-Vallvey, 2007. Simultaneous determination of antioxidants, preservatives and sweetener additives in food and cosmetics by flow injection analysis coupled to a monolithic column. Anal. Chim. Acta 594 226-233. 

Pearce, X. M. Flavor-sweetener additive for enhancing the desirability of a breakfast cereal or bread . U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2005100651, 2005 Ghent. Abstr. 2005, 142, 462727. 

Bidlingmeyer, B. A. Schmitz, S. The Analysis of Artificial Sweeteners and Additives in Beverages by HPLG, /. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, A195-A200. 

Most bulk food ingredients, eg, flour, fats and oils, and nutritive sweeteners (qv) such as sugar (qv), are excluded from the food additive category. In a few cases, substances that are used in relatively large quantities, eg, dietary fiber (qv) and bulking agents, are included herein because these have been the focus of market and technology developments. 

Two undesirable aspects of FCC naphtha quaUty are that it may contain unacceptably high amounts of foul smelling mercaptans, and that its thermal stabiUty may be too low. Mercaptans are usually found in the light FCC naphtha and may be removed or converted to sulfides and disulfides by a sweetening process such as Merox, developed by UOP. Thermal stabiUty is improved in sweetening processes through removal of cresyUc and naphthenic acids. It may be further improved by clay treating and by addition of oxidation inhibitors such as phenylene diamine. 

Larch arabinogalactan is approved in 21 CFR 172.610 as a food additive for use as an emulsifier, stabilizer, binder or bodying agent for essential oils and noimutritive sweeteners, flavor bases, nonstandardized dressings, and pudding mixes. It has also been used in the preparation of cosmetic and pharmaceutical dispersions and as an emulsifier in oil—water emulsions (69). Industrially, the main use has been in Hthography as a gum arabic substitute. 

A rapid method to determine the calcium content of lead alloys is a Hquid-metal titration using lead—antimony (1%) (9). The end point is indicated by a gray oxide film pattern on the surface of a sohdifted sample of the metal when observed at a 45° angle to a light source. The basis for the titration is the reaction between calcium and antimony. The percentage of calcium in the sample can be calculated from the amount of antimony used. If additional calcium is needed in the alloy, the melt is sweetened with a lead—calcium (1 wt %) master alloy. 

Fumaric acid and malic acid [6915-15-7] are produced from maleic anhydride. The primary use for fumaric acid is in the manufacture of paper siting products (see Papermaking additives). Fumaric acid is also used to acidify food as is malic acid. Malic acid is a particularly desirable acidulant in certain beverage selections, specifically those sweetened with the artificial sweetener aspartame [22839-47-0]. 

Evaporated milk is a Hquid product obtained by the partial removal of water only from milk. It has a minimum milk-fat content of 7.5 mol % and a minimum milk-solids content of 25.0 mol %. Evaporated skimmed milk is a Hquid product obtained by the partial removal of water only from skimmed milk. It has a minimum milk-solids content of 20.0 mol %. Sweetened condensed milk is a product obtained by the partial removal of water only from milk with the addition of sugars. It has a minimum milk-fat content of 8.0 mol % and a minimum milk-solids content of 28.0 mol %. Skimmed sweetened condensed milk is a product obtained by the partial removal of water only from skimmed milk with the addition of sugars. It has a minimum milk-solids content of 24.0 mol %. AH may contain food additives (qv) as stabilizers, in maximum amounts, including sodium, potassium, and calcium salts of hydrochloric acid at 2000 mg/kg singly citric acid, carbonic acid, orthophosphoric acid, and polyphosphoric acid at 3000 mg/kg in combination, expressed as anhydrous substances and in the evaporated milk carrageenin may be added at 150 mg/kg. 

Conversion Processes. Most of the adsorption and absorption processes remove hydrogen sulfide from sour gas streams thus producing both a sweetened product stream and an enriched hydrogen sulfide stream. In addition to the hydrogen sulfide, this latter stream can contain other co-absorbed species, potentially including carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and other sulfur compounds. Conversion processes treat the hydrogen sulfide stream to recover the sulfur as a salable product. 

Acesulfame-K. Acesulfame-K [55589-62-3] (4), the potassium salt of acesulfame [33665-90-6] (6-methyl-l,2,3-oxathiaziQ-4(3ff)-one 2,2-dioxide), is a sweetener that resembles saccharin in stmcture and taste profile. 5,6-Dimethyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3ff)-one 2,2-dioxide, the first of many sweet compounds belonging to the dihydrooxathia2inone dioxide class, was discovered accidentally in 1967 (63). From these many sweet compounds, acesulfame was chosen for commercialisation. To improve water solubiUty, the potassium salt was made. Acesulfame-K (trade name Sunette) was approved for dry product use in the United States in 1988 and in Canada in October, 1994. Later, it was approved by the FDA for additional food categories such as yogurts, frosen and refrigerated desserts, and baked goods. 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

Stevioside and rebaudioside A are diterpene glycosides. The sweetness is tainted with a bitter and undesirable aftertaste. The time—intensity profile is characteristic of naturally occurring sweeteners slow onset but lingering. The aglycone moiety, steviol [471 -80-7] (10), which is the principal metaboHte, has been reported to be mutagenic (79). Wide use of stevia ia Japan for over 20 years did not produce any known deleterious side effects. However, because no food additive petition has been presented to the FDA, stevioside and related materials caimot be used ia the United States. An import alert against stevia was issued by the FDA ia 1991. In 1995, however, the FDA revised this import alert to allow the importation and use of stevia as a diet supplement (80), but not as a sweetener or an ingredient for foods. Several comprehensive reviews of stevia are available (81,82). 

Sucralose. Sucralose [56038-13-2] is a trichlorodisaccharide sweetener developed by the British sugar company Tate Lyle during the 1970s (87—89). It was Hcensed to McNeil Specialty Products Company (a Johnson Johnson subsidiary) in the United States. A food additive petition was filed with the FDA in 1987 (90). As of December, 1996, the petition was still pending. Sucralose was approved for use as a sweetener by Canada in 1991, by Austraha, Mexico, and Russia in 1993, by Romania in 1994, and by New Zealand in 1996. 

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