Suture wires

All surgeons agree that if the fragment does not reduce, especially with a grade 3 injury, the fragment requires operative reduction and stabilisation. Many procedures have been described including arthroscopic and open techniques. Fixation can be with sutures, wires or screws. Fixation should be supplemented with a long-leg cast for 6 weeks. 

PHAs are made from renewable sources such as sugarcane, one of the most significant and traditional Brazilian feedstocks, as well as from other renewable sources such as starch, vegetable oils etc. Their applications range from packaging to disposables and applications in the medical field (matrices for slow drug release, implants, artificial tissues, patterns and suture wire) due to their biocompatibility. These hiopolymers are similar to plastics produced from petroleum and can be laminated, molded and injected easily. Also, they are fully biodegradable in a period of six months to a year. ... 

Besides suture wires and vascular stents, other biomedical applications with SMPs include scaffolds for tissue engineering (Migneco et al, 2009 Neuss et al, 2009), ophthalmologic materials (Song et al, 2010a, b),... 

Tantalum is completely inert to body fluids and tissues. Bone and tissue do not recede from tantalmn, and this biocompatibility makes it an attractive material for body and dental implants. However, the superior strength and rigidity of stainless steel and titanimn and the castabUity of high-cobalt alloys have led to their greater use for prosthetic devices. Tantalmn has nevertheless been used for bone replacement and repair, for cranial repair plates, suture wire, and wire gauze for abdominal muscle support in hernia smgery. ... 

Metals (Ti and its alloys, Co-Cr alloys, stainless steels, Au, Ag, Pt, etc.) Strong, tough, ductile May corrode Dense Difficult to make Joint replacements, bone plates and screws, dental root implants, pacer and suture wires... 

Steel [52013-36-2] suture is made from 316-L stainless steel wire. The suture may be monofilament, known as fixation wire, or multifilament twisted wires. The steel is heat-treated to improve ductility. The multifilament strands are either uncoated, or coated with Tefion (polytetrafiuoroethylene) or Tefion-fiuorinated ethylene—propylene copolymer. 

Niobium finds use in the production of numerous stainless steels for use at high temperatures, and Nb/Zr wires are used in superconducting magnets. The extreme corrosion-resistance of tantalum at normal temperatures (due to the presence of an exceptionally tenacious film of oxide) leads to its application in the construction of chemical plant, especially where it can be used as a liner inside cheaper metals. Its complete inertness to body fluids makes it the ideal material for surgical use in bone repair and internal suturing. 

Strobel et al. (101) reported a unique approach to delivery of anticancer agents from lactide/glycolide polymers. The concept is based on the combination of misonidazole or adriamycin-releasing devices with radiation therapy or hyperthermia. Prototype devices consisted of orthodontic wire or sutures dip-coated with drug and polymeric excipient. The device was designed to be inserted through a catheter directly into a brain tumor. In vitro release studies showed the expected first-order release kinetics on the monolithic devices. 

Nylon can be sterilised with steam so it is sued in hypodermic syringes and surgical accessories. Curtain runners, sinks, zips, combs and switches are manufactured from nylon. Extruded nylon is used in covering wire ropes, in packaging film for pharmaceuticals, bottles, tubing, etc. Nylon laminates are used for heavy duty driving belts. Monofilaments are used in brushes, sports equipment, surgical sutures, etc. Monofilaments are prepared from nylon 6, 10 or nylon 11. 

Bleeding during the implantation procedure is controlled by umbilical tapes around the cranial and caudal veins and by purse string sutures at the implantation sites. The pericardial incision and the chest is closed by sutures and the transducer wires are connected to the recording equipment. 

Hu W, Huang ZM (2010) Biocompatibility of braided poly(L-lactic acid) nanofiber wires applied as tissue sutures. Polym Int 59(1 ) 92—99... 

Beumme S, Lowicke G and Knoelee W (1989) The use of tantalum wire as a suture material, (in German). Z Exp Chir Transplant Kunstliche Organe 22 308-313. 

Cellulose nitrate is derived from cellulose, a natural polymer. The first truly man-made plastic came 41 years later (in 1909) when Dr. Leo Hendrick Baekeland developed phenol-formaldehyde plastics (phenolics), the source of such diverse materials as electric iron and cookware handles, grinding wheels, and electrical plugs. Other polymers — cellulose acetate (toothbrushes, combs, cutlery handles, eyeglass frames) urea-formaldehyde (buttons, electrical accessories) poly(viryl ehloride) (flooring, upholstery, wire and cable insulation, shower curtains) and nylon (toothbrush bristles, stockings, surgical sutures) — followed in the 1920s. 

A needle enables die suture strand to be passed through the tissues that are to be approximated. The most important characteristics of a needle include sharpness, strength, profile, corrosion resistance, and durability. Additional charactmistics sudi as length, curvature, and wire diameter are considered by the surgeon during product selection [3]. 

All needles start with high quality stainless steel wire. The first step is to drill a hole in the wire that will accommodate the suture to be attached to the needle. The holes are commonly drilled mechanically or with a laser [3]. 

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