Dental root implants

Denissen, H.W. and de Groot, K. (1979) Immediate dental root implants from synthetic dense calcium hydroxylapatite. /. Prosth. Dent., 42 (5), 551-556. 

Fully densified bodies of hydroxylapatite have been employed for reconstruction of the middle ear (Shinohara et al. 2000), dental root implants (Ogiso 1998) and skull reconstruction (Koyama et al. 2000). 

Alumina Aluminum oxide (AI2O3) which is very hard (Mohs hardness is 9) and strong. Single crystals are called sapphire or ruby depending on color. Alumina is used to fabricate hip joint socket components or dental root implants. 

Schepers E., Ducheyne R, and De Clercq M. 1989. Interfacial analysis of fiber-reinforced bioactive dental root implants. /. Biomed. Mater. Res. 23 735-752. 

Schepers E., De Clercq M and Ducheyne P. 1988. Interfacial behavior of bulk bioactive glass and fiber-reinforced bioactive glass dental root implants. Ann. NY Acad. Set. 523 178-189. 

Schepers, E., Ducheyne, P., De Clercq, M., Interfacial Analysis of Fibre-Reinforced Bioactive Glass Dental Root Implants, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 23 (1989) 735—752. 

The adhesion of cells is important in many biomedical applications, for example for hip or dental root implants. A successful integration of these implants requires that bone cells adhere to the implant surface and proliferate. It is therefore important to understand the adhesion and proliferation of cells on surfaces with different properties, e.g. wettability or roughness. Different types of graxlients, wettability, polymer-chain density, protein and morphology gradients, have therefore been used to study cell adhesion. 

Metals (Ti and its alloys, Co-Cr alloys, stainless steels, Au, Ag, Pt, etc.) Strong, tough, ductile May corrode Dense Difficult to make Joint replacements, bone plates and screws, dental root implants, pacer and suture wires... 

In 1931 Brill published the article Uber die Implantation von Porzellan Wurzeln (On the transplanting of procelain dental roots) and which was followed in 1934 by Abel s Die Befestigung implantierten Porzellanzahnersatzes mittel Wiplakieferschrauben (Attaching porcelain teeth by means of Wipla jaw screws). 

Many articles have been written on the demand for implants. It is difficult to estimate the market. The most popular implants are likely to be hip, knee, finger, dental root, heart valve, pacemakers and jaw reinforcement. Worldwide the demand is 100,000 heart valves, 220,000 pacemakers, 400,000 hip prostheses and 1,500,000 blood vessel prostheses. 

Periodontal disease is characterized by a sequence of chronic oral inflammation and excessive alveolar bone resorption (i.e., receding alveolar bone) that results in root surface exposure of teeth, increased sensitivity, eventual detachment of the periodontal ligament, and subsequent tooth loss. Alveolar ridge bone exhibits intrinsic porosity, a structural fragility, and a proximity to vasculature that in effect virtually ensures it has the potential to be a vulnerable site in times of rapid bone resorption, much like the trabecular-rich regions in the hip and spine. Subsequent retention of the quantity and quality of bone in edentulous jaws also becomes critically important in terms of being able to provide surface support for dental implants and dentures that are desirable for both functional and cosmetic purposes (Bodic et al., 2005) (Figure 6.4). 

Periodontal procedures including surgery, scaling and root planing, probing, and recall maintenance Dental implant placement and reimplantation of avulsed teeth Endodontic (root canal) instrumentation or surgery only beyond the apex... 

Surfaces of these materials are critical to their successful use. For some implants, the surface should promote healing through growth of host tissue. Artificial bones or joints are examples of these. In other cases, materials to be used in a biological environment should repel growth. Examples are surfaces of food-handling equipment and the bottom surfaces of ships. Dental implants (artificial teeth) have both requirements the root must promote growth to anchor it into the gum and jaw, while the top must repel plaque formation by bacteria. 

In recent years, dental research has been focused on dental implants and artificial teeth rooted in a patient s jaw allowing for a permanent denture, as alternatives to bridges or false teeth. A wide array of materials including polymers such as UHMWPE, PTFE, and PET have been used in many types of existing dental implants [54,119]. Porous polymeric surfaces are now designed to facilitate bone integration [54], Other dental applications of polymeric biomaterials have been for the development of a dental bridge, meant as a partial denture or false teeth. In extreme cases, removable dentures fabricated from PMMA are used to overcome the loss of all teeth [203]. 

Kudo, K., Miyasawa, M., Fujioka, Y., Kamegai, T., Nakano, H., Seino, Y., Ishikawa, F., Shioyama, T., and Ishibashi, K. (1990), Clinical application of dental implant with root of coated Bioglass Short-term results. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 70(l) 18-23. 

Dental implants and prosthetics alone account for a substantial proportion of the dental industry. It is therefore of no surprise that researchers focus heavily on this avenue. In contrast to other industries, dental industry nanocoatings do not perpetually involve the deposition of thin nanolayers onto a substrate. Often they can refer to the incorporation of nanostructured materials or particles into coatings on contact surfaces. For instance, a recent piece of work examined the usage of nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) as a filler material for root canal. HA (a commonly used material in coating implants to aid cell proliferation) particles sized at approximately 26 mn were incorporated into root canal sealer at variable ratios. At high concentrations, there was little difference in film thickness (implying they would meet ISO standards for root canal sealers). The observed improvements suggested that nanostructured HA could be used to formulate more stable tooth material interfaces [40]. 

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