Caudal vein

Repeated daily intravenous dosing in the ferret is generally considered to be technically difficult and time-consuming the use of an indwelling catheter is recommended (Moody et al., 1985). There are, however, reports in the literature of subchronic intravenous dosing (three times weekly for three months) of the ferret via the caudal vein (Mclain et al., 1987). 

Figure 3. Time course of tissue and plasma concentrations of phenol red model predictions vs. experimental results. The lines are model predictions the symbols are experimental data for iv injection of 10 mg/kg into the caudal vein of dogfish sharks. Each symbol represents the average of five to eight female sharks/time point with SD indicated by vertical bars. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was 25,15, and 5 g/g or mL for ( ), kidney (K) Liver (L) and (O), plasma (P),...

Bleeding during the implantation procedure is controlled by umbilical tapes around the cranial and caudal veins and by purse string sutures at the implantation sites. The pericardial incision and the chest is closed by sutures and the transducer wires are connected to the recording equipment. 

The most universally used site for venipuncture in fish is the caudal vein accessible behind the anal fin in the caudal peduncle. This vessel located along the hemal arch in the ventral portion of the vertebral column can be approached laterally at a level slightly below the lateral line or by a dorsally oriented venipuncture originating on the mid ventral aspect of the caudal peduncle (Figure 1). In both approaches the ventral vertebral column should be used as a point of reference. 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of caudal vein venipuncture.

For the study of vitamin A absorption lOO-lOO ul blood was taken from the caudal vein directly before the administration of the oils and fats and subsequently in the... 

Inspection Upon inspection, pronounced cases of ascites are characterized by marked protrusion of the abdomen. The umbilicus becomes everted or bulging. The distance between the navel and the symphysis appears diminished as a result of caudal displacement of the former. With large quantities of ascitic fluid, the abdominal skin is taut and shiny. In long-standing cases of ascites, striae distensae, together with expanded collateral veins radiating from the navel, may be visible. Increased ascitic pressure sometimes causes the occurrence of a hernia (inguinal, femoral, umbilical or cicatricial). (S. fig. 16.7) (41, 48, 57)... 

The systemic veins are derived from cardinal veins (CVs), which apart from umbilical and vitelline vessels are one of three main elements of foetal venous system. CVs in the form of paired structures located symmetrically on both sides of embryo s body appear in 4th week of gestation. System of CVs is comprised of anterior cardinal veins (ACVs) draining cranial parts of the body and posterior cardinal veins (PCVs) providing drainage from caudal parts. ACV and PCV join together into common cardinal vein - CCV (Cuvier ducts), entering the sinus venosus of early heart eventually. 

Fig. 11. Stage 10 (HH), 10 pairs of somites (36-42h) dorsally anterior neuropore closed, prominent optic vesicles, rhombomere boundary 4/5 formed, and neural folds are closed to almost the level of the node. Ventrally, Hensen s node has regressed almost to the end of the primitive streak (the 10th pair of somites has not fully segmented caudally in this illustration), pronephric tubules develop between somites 6 and 10, heart tube turns asymmetrical bulging out to the right and contractions can be seen, and bilateral vitelline veins fan out toward the area opaca, which shows large blood islands to establish circulation.

Fig. 12. Stage 11 (HH), 13 pairs of somites (40-46 h), slight flexure of the head, prominent optic vesicles with slight constriction at their base form the lateral parts of the prosencephalon, mesencephalon has clear boundaries, and all rhombomeres can be distinguished. The neural tube is virtually closed along its entire length. On the ventral side, the rostral part of the heart forms the ventricle, whereas the caudal part gives rise to the atrium and the vitelline vein leading from it. The heart beat is rhythmical, but the circulation of blood is not yet fully connected up to all peripheral blood islands. Anterior somites are beginning to differentiate.

A small presacral subcompartment (see Table 1.1) is situated in front of the sacrum and coccyx. It is bordered by the caudal segments of the vertebral column dorsally and ventrolaterally, it is clearly demarcated by the pelvic parietal fascia (see Table 1.1) (Fig. 1.2), which is called presacral fascia (see Table 1.1) at this position. In fetuses, the presacral subcompartment contains loose connective tissue, but it is predominated by large presacral veins. 

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