Surveys Chinese

Gulick, R.H. van. Sexual life in ancient China a preliminary survey of Chinese... 

The study of China s alchemical tradition can provide considerable insight into early Chinese medical theory, pharmaco-therapeutic practice and psychosomatic concepts. Chinese alchemy is a complex blending of philosophical, cosmological, physiological and natural scientific thought. This article presents a historical survey and analysis of some important aspects of Chinese alchemical research and theory"... 

The survey instrument, drafted by the principal investigator and the survey contractor, went through 15 drafts and three rounds of peer review at the NIH. The instrument was pretested in 20 interviews for length (under 15 minutes) and clarity. The instrument was translated and back-translated by separate translators into Spanish, Mandarin and Cantonese Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean. The instrument received approval from the Human Studies Committee at the University of Louisville. All interviewees gave oral consent at the beginning of the interview. 

China Geological Survey. 2005 Technical Requirements of Sample Analysis in Ecological Geochemical Assessment (trial Implementation). DD2005-03 (in Chinese). 

The experimental results obtained by Chinese scientists obviously show that the areas suffering from acid rain in China have extended northwards from the south of the Yangtze River in 1986 to the whole East China at present. The statistical results from the Acid Rain Survey in 82 cities from 1991 to 1995 indicate that the annual average pH value of the precipitation was lower than pH 5.6 in nearly half of these cities or in 87% of the southern cities, which are located in the south to the Qingling... 

A complete summary of the survey responses is available in Chinese from the Ph.D. thesis (Zhang Hong, 2005) at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 

Fukuda, N., Tanaka, H., and Shoyama, Y. (2000b). Applications of ELISA, Western blotting and immunoaffinity concentration for survey of ginsenosides in crude drugs of Panax species and traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Analyst 125,1425-1429. 

The results of a major epidemiological study of the geographical variations in the occurrence throughout China of a wide variety of different types of cancer have recently been published in the form of an atlas (146). One result of this survey was the revelation of a very high, but very localized, incidence of esophageal cancer in the Linxian valley of Henan province in northern China (146,147). Esophageal cancer also exhibits very high incidence in a number of other localities in both Asia and Africa (148), but the Chinese occurrence has so far attracted the most international attention. 

Begemann Libby (1957) estimated that 1.1 kg of T was released to atmosphere for each megatonne (MT) thermonuclear explosion. The tests between 1954 and 1963 had a fusion yield of 320 MT. Allowing for radioactive decay, the global inventory in 1963, including tritium in the atmosphere, groundwater and oceans, was about 330 kg. French and Chinese thermonuclear tests between 1968 and 1977 may have added another 20-30 kg. In 1972, by which time most of the pre-1963 tritium had returned to the earth s surface, a world-wide survey of oceanic waters gave a total of 164 kg (Ostlund Fine, 1979). Corrected for radioactive decay, this is equivalent to an inventory of 270 kg in 1963. 

He, J.F., Wan, Y., et al., 2001. Survey on pollution levels of organochlorine pesticides in human milk of Nanchang City. Hubei Prev. Med. (Chinese) 12, 22. 

Jiang, X.F., 1989. Survey and monitoring of HCH and DDT residues in human milk in Nanjing City. Environ. Monit. Manage. Technol. (Chinese) 1, 25-27. 

Ma, J.X., Ma, H., et al., 1996. General survey and analysis of residues of organochlorine pesticides in grain in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Grain Storage (Chinese) 25, 31-34. 

According to a number of pilot surveys of dioxins carried out by some Chinese institutions, dioxins have a broad distribution in China. Based on the available data, the major sources of PCDD/Fs in China are discussed below. 

A survey has shown that the city of Enshi, Hubei Province, China, has three major Se-enriched deposition periods including the early Cambrian, Late Ordovician, and Permian periods. The stone coal formed during the first two periods has a low Se content of 30 pg g, which is similar to the stone coal formed in Early Paleozoic in Southern Shaanxi. However, the black shale series formed in the Permian period have a Se concentration that is at least threefold higher than that of the former two. There is a cross-cutting low-Se area with brown soil series from northeastern to the southwestern China including more than 10 provinces. Approximately 72% Chinese are deficient in Se, while there are about 1.5 billion people living in Se-deficient areas worldwide (Banuelos, 2009). 

In a survey of 1100 Australian providers of traditional Chinese medicine the adverse events of acupuncture were also monitored (65). There were 3222 events, including 64 cases of pneumothorax and 80 convulsions. No deaths were recorded. 

The authors of a survey of German importers of Chinese herbs concluded that only rarely had herbal drugs to be returned because of contamination (117). The authors also stated that a 100% check for all possible contaminants is not possible. However, there have been many reports of adulteration and contamination relate to Chinese herbal remedies (118). Instances include adulteration/contamination with conventional drugs (119,120), heavy metals (121-127), and other substances (128,129). 

In a questionnaire survey, 43% of 3222 respondents associated unpleasant symptoms with specific foods and eating environments however, only 1-2% reported sjmptoms characteristic of the Chinese restaurant sjmdrome, and only 0.19% associated the characteristic sjmptoms with consumption of Chinese food (5). Most respondents who were aware of the syndrome and most of those who believed they had experienced it reported non-specific symptoms. 

The time between the introduction of Chinese herbs in weight loss regimens and the outbreak of renal diseases in Brussels (Belgium) circumscribed the search for the culprit to the Chinese herbs [3]. Further epidemiological survey demonstrated that only the so-called Stephania was associated with all the cases of renal interstitial fibrosis [34]. 

Aristolochic acid and its salts, originated from a weed, Aristolochia clematitis, have toxic and carcinogenic effects to the kidneys and urothelium [45], respectively. Ivic [46] postulated that this plant may be a cause of Balkan nephropathy, but failed to provide convincing evidence from field surveys. Evidence that A. clematitis played a central role in the etiology of Chinese herb nephropathy [47-49], a condition similar to Balkan nephropathy, initiated a second look at this previously abandoned hypothesis and it gained a lot of weight by recent data on the association between DNA adduct formation derived from AA, mutation pattern and tumour development in BEN [50] (see also chapter 33). 

He began to research gas geochemical surveys for mineral exploration in 1978 and has worked on geological techniques for metallic ore, petroleum and natural gas exploration since 1987. He is a member of the Chinese Society of Metals and has been a member of the 1st and 2nd Geological Society of China Commissions on Geochemical Exploration. 

It is now proposed, after review of Chinese and New Zealand supplementation studies, that the RDA for selenium is set at 55 jiig/day for adults. On this basis, dietary surveys in North America do not indicate that selenium deficiency is likely in the general population. However, in many countries in Europe, intakes are now dose to or below 55(tg/day, and selenium dietary provision may now be suboptimal. ... 

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