Soil series

Location Soil series pHb Organic matter % Field capacity % water... 

There are a number of uncertainties associated with estimating air permeabilities in this way. The soil associations described by the SCS on the county maps generally consist of one or more major soil series and may also include one or more minor soil series. The fraction of the mapped area occupied by these minor soil series, and the degree of similarity of physical... 

Figure 2.2. An example of an Alfisol this is the Seitz soil series, the state soil of Colorado [2].

Figure 2.3. An example of a Mollisol this is the Drummer soil series, which is the state soil of Illinois [2].

Figure 2.7. An example of a Andisol this is the Bonner soil series, found in northern Idaho, eastern Washington, and western Montana [3].

Sample No. Soil series and Ref. No. Great soil group Location Parent material pH of soil Mode of formation of vermiculite clay... 

A survey has shown that the city of Enshi, Hubei Province, China, has three major Se-enriched deposition periods including the early Cambrian, Late Ordovician, and Permian periods. The stone coal formed during the first two periods has a low Se content of 30 pg g, which is similar to the stone coal formed in Early Paleozoic in Southern Shaanxi. However, the black shale series formed in the Permian period have a Se concentration that is at least threefold higher than that of the former two. There is a cross-cutting low-Se area with brown soil series from northeastern to the southwestern China including more than 10 provinces. Approximately 72% Chinese are deficient in Se, while there are about 1.5 billion people living in Se-deficient areas worldwide (Banuelos, 2009). 

Finally, some soils contain relatively high proportions of zeohtes ( 15%). These result again from arid or semiarid environments where evaporation produces a high concentration of sodium carbonate, which can alter clay minerals to produce zeolites. Examples of this are the heulandite found in the Harwell soil series in Southern England and the analcime in the San Joaquin Valley (California). 

Carpenter, E. Costa County, Soils, Series Black, C. A.,... 

During soil survey operations, numerous soil profile descriptions, and large amounts of laboratory data, are generated for the soils that are being mapped. Generally, the soils being described, sampled, and analyzed are representatives of soil series, the most detailed (and restrictive) classification of soils in the USA. There are —2.1 X 10" soU series that have been identified and mapped in the USA. The locations, soil descriptions, and... 

Soil series Sand Silt Clay Clay type SA (m2 g-1) Porosity... 

A soil survey of the study site was conducted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to determine the number of soil series present. The soil survey provided a basis for determining the location and selecting the optimum number of monitoring sites. 

The three major soil series found at the site are the Clarendon, the Ardilla, and the Tifton (Figure 4). A fourth soil series, the Lucy, is present in the field however, due to its limited areal extent (less than 0.5 acre) and the physical similarity between the Lucy series and the Tifton series, it is not recognized as a separate and distinct soil series in the site. 

Figure 4. Major soil series in the study site...

The remainder Of the study site (26 percent) is covered by the Tifton soil series. The Tifton soil is classified as a member of the fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic family of Plinthic Paleudults. 

A typical field site, varying in area from about 1 to 10 ha, may include several soil series. The model parameter values may be different not only for each of these soil series, but may also vary considerably within a single series. Such variability in a number of soil hydraulic properties (e.g., soil hydraulic conductivity, soil water flux, etc.) has been widely reported in the literature ( 5 - 1 ). The model parameter values for a given location in the field may also vary with profile depth depending upon soil horizonation as well as a function of the soil and environmental factors (e.g., soil aeration, temperature, etc.). Since soil and environmental factors undergo dynamic changes with time, model parameters are also expected to exhibit temporal variability. At present, only limited data are available to characterize such spatial and temporal variability in pesticide sorption and degradation parameters required in several simulation models. 

In contrast to measuring 0C or values, the measurement of pesticide degradation half-lives (t. / ) in soils is a much more difficult and time-consuming task. Hence, the spatial variations in t. trs could not be assessed in as much detail as we did with OC and K. . Metolachlor and aldicarb TTR half-lives were measured in a selected number of soil samples collected from the Georgia field site. Soil samples were selected to represent the three major soil series present at the site (Clarendon, Ardilla, and Tifton) and the four major morphologic soil horizons (0-20, 25-46, 48-63, and 94-107 cm) within the crop root zone. Soil samples collected from 4 depths at 10 sites were used to characterize aldicarb TTR degradation rates. Metolachlor half-lives were measured in soils taken from four depths at one site for each soil series and also in samples collected at two depths (0-20 cm and 94-107 cm) at 6 sites. 

Uniformity in this context refers to slope and texture. Ideally, the field should have a slope of less than 2%, and if possible, there should be only one soil series on the field. If more than one soil series is on the field, all the series should be of the same texture, i.e., all should be sandy loams. This criterion does not preclude the possibility of layered soils (soils with distinct horizons) as long as the entire field is characterized by this layered soil. The more uniform the field, the easier will be the interpretation of results. Soil Conservation Service soil surveys give sufficiently detailed information to characterize a field. 

SCS soil series classification for the soils of the study site, if information is available. 

Korean Soil Series, 1995. Areas of distribution, physical and chemical properties of soils, 217 pp. 

The lead content of 3045 US agricultural surface soils from 307 soil series ranged from 0.5 to 135 mgkg dry soil (Holmgren etal. 1993). The 5th, 50th and 95th percentile concentrations were 4, 11... 

Massey, H. F., Lowe, R. H., and Bailey, H. H. (1967). Relation of extractable molybdenum to soil series and parent rock in Kentucky. Soil Sci. Soc. 

To approximate this material with a soil from New Mexico, we have chosen the soil series Casito (Petrocalcic Ustollic Paleargrid). This soil is formed in alluvium at the base of mountain watersheds. It is found on alluvial fans and terraces. It contains a similar mixture of cobbles and fines as the remediation site however, the source of the alluvium is storm runoff rather than catastrophic flooding and river deposition. Provided below is some additional information on the contaminants in this soil. 

The batch equilibration sorption study was conducted with 1 g of soil (Hastings soil series from Nebraska and Overton soil series from southeastern Nevada) at a ratio of 1 25 adsorbent water-benzene solution. This ratio was required because of the need for a minimal headspace in the 25-ml... 

The most extensive selection and prevalence in the soil series is the loam. The size of selective data is reflected in Table 3. The basic physical and mechanical properties of soils were investigated in analysis and shown in Table 4. 

There are a number of ways of classifying soil for crop prodnction. Soils have been grouped into soil associations. Each association consists of a nnmber of soil series each of which has distinct characteristics, both of parent material and soil profile. The soil series is usually named after the place where the soil was first described. The same soil series can occur in cfifterent regions. Soil characteristics, together with relief and climate and cropping potential, have also been used to classify land for farming (Appendix 7). 

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