Grain storage

Vei y small solid fuel particles such as sawdust, agricultural grains, or coal dust can sustain flames when they are suspended in air. In fact, very serious fires have occurred in grain storage towers and coal mines because of the flammability of suspended dusts. The combustion of the individual particles follows the usual pattern of solid particle burning— devolatization and char burning. The combustion of the whole cloud of particles is similar to spray combustion and its characteristics depend on the nature of the fuel, size of the particles, and the number of particles in a given volume. 

Further remarks regarding costs of insecticides or inadequacy of equipment used are generally applicable to the whole field of pesticides and are not limited to their use in grain storage only. 

Morris, O.N., Converse, V., Kanagaratnam, P., and Cote, J.C. 1998. Isolation, characterization, and culture of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil and dust from grain storage bins and their toxicity for Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Can. Entomol. 130, 515-537. 

The EPA has sampled 175 former USDA/CCC grain storage facilities. Only three locations had detections of carbon tetrachloride. None were over the drinking water standard. 

The Kansas Department of Health and Environment and the EPA has sampled at 273 former USDA/CCC grain storage facilities. These efforts revealed 38 locations (14%) with detections of carbon tetrachloride, with 22 (8%) of these locations having levels exceeding the established drinking water standard of five micrograms per liter. 

After six years of study on the problem of grain storage in 40 different countries, the writer arrives at the conclusion that the use of pesticides is one of the important phases of protection of stored products, but not the most important in the solution. The primary need is for better facilities in which to store grain or other products so that pesticides can be used effectively. If better facilities cannot be obtained, at least better management is needed before pesticides can be used satisfactorily. This is in the interest of efficient, continued, and increased use of pesticides. 

Christensen, C. M. Kaufmann, H. H. "Grain Storage the Role of Fungi in Quality Loss" Univ. Minnesota Press Minneapolis, 1969 p. 153. 

Dennis, C. A. R. "Grain Storage Part of a System" Sinha,... 

Peters HA, Levine RL, Matthews CG, et al. 1987. Synergistic neurotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 fumigants) and other pesticides in grain storage workers. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Cophenhagen) 59 535-546. 

Other field crops Fruits and nuts Vegetables Livestock and pets Residential Mosquito control Grain storage... 

Lodder. J., C.P. Kurtzman, and J.W. Fell The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study, 4th Edition, Elsevier Science, New York. NY, 1998 Milner, M. and W.F. Geddes Grain Storage Studies. III. The Relation between Moisture Content, Mold Growth, and Respiration of Soybeans." Cereal Chem., 23, 225 (1946)... 

If mycotoxicosis is suspected, the source of feed should be changed immediately. This should be followed by a thorough inspection of feed and grain storage bins, handling equipment, mill and feeders. Caked and/or... 

Ma, J.X., Ma, H., et al., 1996. General survey and analysis of residues of organochlorine pesticides in grain in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Grain Storage (Chinese) 25, 31-34. 

Christenson CN, Kaufmann HH. Grain Storage The Role of Fungi in Quality Loss. Minneapolis, MN The University of Minnesota Press 1969 153. 

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