Survey Overview

The brief summaries of the experiences of a number of investigators in various, quite different, countries around the world and in very different economic and social environments, highlight some of the complex issues generated in various countries as they seek to implement the CBD and the impact these issues have on local research communities. 

There appear to be no clear instances where the spirit of the CBD (facilitation of access, equity sharing and conservation) has been successfully implemented. Countries are not in any way rushing to enact laws and establish systems that could implement the new laws in a reasonable and effective manner. Those countries which have enacted laws have created systems that are complex, difficult to comprehend and frequently not easy—even for local scientists to receive approval for their research programmes. 

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Organic Trade Association 2004. The OTA 2004 Manufacturer Survey Overview. Organic... 

Monitoring the Future Survey, Overview of Findings 2006," National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2007. Available online. URL http //www.drugabuse.gov/newsroom/06/ MTF06Overview.html. 

Additionally, in a survey overview on the effectiveness of handwashing and hand disinfection for the removal of nosocomial pathogens from heavily contaminated hands, 0.5% CHG in 70% isopropanol was most effective, followed by 70% ethanol and, to a lesser extent, 40% isopropanol [5], Comparison of the efficacy of 62% ethanol, 70% isopropanol, and benzylalkonium chloride-based hand sanitizers using the healthcare personnel handwash protocol indicated that all three had equivalent efficacy at greater than 2-log reduction after the first wash, whereas the benzylalkonium chloride hand sanitizer demonstrated residual efficacy. 

A survey of available methods has, among others, been given by Smith and Van Gunsteren [51] see also Gilson [63]. Here a short overview of methods, with some comment on their quality and properties, will be given. 

A. Noshay and J. E. McGrath, Block Copolymers Overview and Critical Survey, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1977. 

P. A. Stmm, ki J. W. Gwynn, ed.. Great Salt Eake, A. Scientific, ITistoricaland Economical Overview, Bull. 116, Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 1980, p. 147. 

Mechanical flotation machines are most commonly used in the mineral industiy, while pneumatic column-type units are gaining popularity in recent years. Surveys by Harris (1976), Young (1982), Bar-beiy (1982), and Mavros (1991) provide a detailed overview of the process-engineering aspec ts of mineral flotation devices in particular and systems in general. 

Nowick (1996) has outlined the researches done on crystal defects during the period 1949-1959 and called this the "golden age of crystal defects . A recent, very substantial overview (Kraftmakher 1998) admirably surveys the linkage between vacancies in equilibrium and thermophysical properties of metals this paper includes a historical table of 32 key papers, on a wide range of themes and techniques, 1926-1992. 

These brief examples of developments in semiconductor technology and optoelectronics are offered to give the flavour of recent semiconductor research. An accessible technical account of MBE and its triumphs can be found in an overview by Cho (1995), while a more impressionistic but very vivid account of Capasso and his researches at Bell Labs is in a popular book by Amato (1997). A very extensive historical survey of the enormous advances in optical and optoelectronic physics , with attention to the materials involved, is in a book chapter by Brown and Pike (1995). 

A concise survey of where the broad domain of optical information processing had got to a few years ago is in a book issued by the European Commission (Kotte et al. 1989), while a good overview of non-linear optical materials is by Bloor (1994). 

By the time the next overview of electrical properties of polymers was published (Blythe 1979), besides a detailed treatment of dielectric properties it included a chapter on conduction, both ionic and electronic. To take ionic conduction first, ion-exchange membranes as separation tools for electrolytes go back a long way historically, to the beginning of the twentieth century a polymeric membrane semipermeable to ions was first used in 1950 for the desalination of water (Jusa and McRae 1950). This kind of membrane is surveyed in detail by Strathmann (1994). Much more recently, highly developed polymeric membranes began to be used as electrolytes for experimental rechargeable batteries and, with particular success, for fuel cells. This important use is further discussed in Chapter 11. 

Gleiter, who effectively created this field of research, has very recently surveyed its present condition in a magisterial overview (Gleiter 2000). 

A survey of 500 plants that have implemented predictive maintenance methods indicates substantial improvements in reliability, availability and operating costs. The successful programs included in the survey include a cross-section of industries and provide an overview of the types of improvements that can be expected. Based on the survey results, major improvements can be achieved in maintenance costs, unscheduled machine failures, repair downtime, spare parts inventory, and both direct and in-direct overtime premiums. In addition, the survey indicated a dramatic improvement in machine life, production, operator safety, product quality and overall profitability. 

This survey presents an overview of the chemistry of metal-hydrogen systems which form hydride phases by the reversible reaction with hydrogen. The discussion then focuses on the AB5 class and, to a lesser extent, the AB2 class of metal hydrides, both of which are of interest for battery applications. 

The Fundamentals sections, which precede Chapter 1, are identified by blue-edged pages. These 13 minichapters provide a streamlined overview of the basics of chemistry. The sections can be used in two ways they provide a useful, succinct review of basic material to which students can refer for extra help as they progress through the course, or they can be used in class as a quick survey of material before starting the main text. 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Overview of Findings from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (DHHS Publ No SMA-04-3963). Rockville, MD, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004... 

Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N, Kittirattanapaiboon P Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 CD003022, 2001 Srisurapanont M, Ali R, Marsden J, et al Psychotic symptoms in methamphetamine psychotic in-patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6 347-352, 2003 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Overview of Findings From the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (DHHS Publ No SMA 03-3774). Rockville, MD, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003... 

Are existing methods able to meet the four criteria of speed, accuracy, transferability, and interpretability The following is meant to be an illustrative, not exhaustive, brief survey of how some popular methods fall short on one or more of these criteria. For recent, comprehensive overviews of computational methods, references [14] and [17] are recommended. 

In line with the policy of Advances to provide periodic coverage of major developments in physical methodology for the study of carbohydrates, A. Dell (London) here surveys the use of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry in application to carbohydrates. This technique has achieved rapid prominence as the soft ionization technique of choice for structural investigation of complex carbohydrate sequences in biological samples. The author s extensive personal involvement in this field makes her chapter a critical, state-of-the-art overview for the specialist, as well as a valuable primer for the reader unfamiliar with this technique. 

In this chapter, we survey the diversity of transition metals, beginning with an overview. Then we describe the stmcture and bonding in transition metal complexes. We describe metallurgy, the processes by which pure metals are extracted from mineral ores. The chapter ends with a presentation of some properties of transition metals and their biological roles. 

LCEC has become a widely used analytical technique for biomedical analysis. Several reports appear each month deairibing new LCEC analyses or reporting results obtain-with LCEC. While space does not permit a complete review of all bitwhemical applications, this section will consider applications of LCEC to general classes of compounds to provide an overview of the uses of this technique. For a thorough survey of the literature, a bibliography of LCEC applications is available... 

Separation and detection methods A survey on determination of tin species in environmental samples has been published by Leroy et al. (1998). A more detailed overview of GS-MS methodology has been published by Morabito et al. 1995) and on sample preparation using supercritical fluid extraction has been described by Bayona (1995)- The techniques are now under control, so that routine procedures are available at a relatively low cost (Leroy et al. 1998). 

A large number of DNA-alkylating agents are known and we will not attempt a comprehensive survey here. A number of excellent reviews provide an overview of this area. " Here we will review DNA alkylation by three types of reactive intermediates that are important in medicinal chemistry and toxicology— episulfonium ions, aziridinium ions, and carbocations. 

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