Surgery antiseptic

Tests have been developed that test different products for their effectiveness as a healthcare personnel handwash (327) evaluate hand disinfectants for use in surgery (333) determine the effectiveness of a surgical hand scmb, ie, the glove juice test (311,329) evaluate antiseptics for the oral cavity to be used in mouthwashes (334,335) and test antiseptics for the periurethral area and appHcation to catheters (336,337). A method used for a test comparing four antiseptic products was adopted as recommended practice by the Association of Practitioners of Infection Control (338). 

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) established that some diseases are caused by microorganisms and not, as was thought to be the case at the time, by miasmas, evil spirits or divine intervention. Despite the scepticism of physicians, as illustrated above, Pasteur s work inspired a British surgeon, Joseph Lister, to introduce antiseptic methods into surgery in order to prevent wound infection. In March 1865, he operated for the first time using an antiseptic, carbolic acid (phenol). There were no infections after the surgery - a rare occurrence at that time. 

Afinogenov GE, Elinov NP (1987) Antiseptics in Surgery. Medicine, Leningrad, 144 pp... 

Pastenr, L., and J. Lister, Germ theory and its applications to medicine and on the antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery. Great minds series. 1996, Amherst, NY Promethens Books. 144. 

The simplest phenol, shown in Figure 12.13, is called phenol. In 1867, Joseph Lister (1827-1912) discovered the antiseptic value of phenol, which, when applied to surgical instruments and incisions, greatly increased surgery survival rates. Phenol was the first purposefully used antibacterial solution, or... 

Phenols are extracted commercially from coal tar into aqueous base as the phenolate ions. The major commercial use of phenol is in the manufacture of phenolic resin polymers, usually with formaldehyde. Phenols and cresols are used as antiseptics and disinfectants in areas such as bams where the phenol odor can be tolerated. Phenol was the original antiseptic used on wounds and in surgery, starting with the work of Lord Lister in 1885. 

Octenidine is an antiseptic with proven antimicrobial qualities, which is frequently used as a disinfectant in surgery as well as antiseptic mouthwash with excellent tolerance especially when used on mucous membranes.23,24 It has even been shown to be effective in eradicating MRSA when used as an octenidine dihydrochloride whole-body wash combined with nasal mupirocin treatment.25 Due to the low irritant and allergic potential as well a low resistance rate, octenidine seems to be a substance with a promising future. 

British surgeon Joseph Lister (1827-1912) used dilute solutions of phenol to kill germs in wounds. He found that antiseptic surgery using phenol reduced the mortality rate from amputations by nearly 50%. Within the next decade. Lister s phenol-based antiseptic techniques revolutionized surgery. 

Phenol was used by Lister as an antiseptic in surgery and aniline became the basis for the dyestuffs industry. It was this that really started the search for new organic compounds made by chemists rather than by nature. A dyestuff of this kind—still available—is Bismarck Brown, which should tell you that much of this early work was done in Germany. 

There is a preponderance of evidence that the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis is reduced when antiseptics (povidone iodine) and antibiotics are used preoperatively.The use of balanced salt solution, to which an antibiotic has been added, to irrigate the eye during surgery is advocated by some but tempered by concerns of intraocular toxicity and questions of efficacy. Sub-Tenon s capsule injection of an antibiotic just before surgery or subconjunctival injection of antibiotic at the end of the surgery is also used to prevent infection, but risk of inadvertent intraocular injections resulting in retinal antibiotic toxicity must be considered. In addition, oral antibiotics may be used at the time of surgery and 1 day postoperatively as a prophylactic measure. 

The hisilory of work on the preveniiun uf bacterial infection eon be traced back to the I9ih century when Joseph Lister (in 1867) introduced antiseptic priticiples fur use in surgery imii posiirautnaiic injury. He u.sed phenol (carbolic acid) ns a wash fur the hands, as a spray un an incision site, and on bandages applied to wound.s. Lister s principles caused a dramatic decrease in the incidence of posisurgiual infections. 

Lister, Joseph (1827-1912). Initiated use of antiseptics in surgery, e.g., phenols, carbolic acid, cresols. 

Antiseptic the antiseptic use of resorcinol was recommended for surgery in place of phenol, as it is less toxic and less caustic. 

Joseph Lister publishes On Ihe Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery showing that disinfection reduces postoperative infections... 

Gargle with antiseptic mouthwash and cover the mouth and nose with a clean cloth or disposable surgery mask. Cover the hair with a surgical cap or shower cap. Allow no drafts in the room, close all doors and stuff all doorjambs. Let no flies, animals, or unnecessary people in the room. Let only sterilized equipment touch the medium or inoculum. Don t lean over... 

Joseph Lister is known as the founder of antiseptic surgery, a significant advance in medicine developed in the nineteenth century. Infection of wounds and surgical incisions was a major cause of hospital deaths before Lister developed a way of preventing these infections with chemical antiseptics. His discovery made surgery much safer and permitted surgeons to perform operations not previously attempted because of the high risk of fatal infections. 

British surgeon Joseph Lister (center), inventor of antiseptic surgery. 

In 1865 just prior to Kekule s synthesis of phenol, Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was experimenting with carbolic acid as an aid to antiseptic surgery which he had pioneered. A mixture of crystallised carbolic acid and shellac (lac plaster) was employed in the finally adopted mode of application. The requirement of phenol for the manufacture of picric acid during the Boer war and other uses resulted in a demand which soon outstripped the resources of phenol/cresols available from coal distillation. Synthetic phenol thus became a potentially important intermediate. The lengthy processing involved in the separation of phenol and the isomeric cresols led to the desirability for specific syntheses. In 1978 of the world production of phenol only 3% came from coal sources by extraction of the mixed phenols (about 1.5% in coal tar) with 10% sodium hydroxide, acidification with carbon dbxide and separation. Phenolic compounds are also formed during catalytic cracking processes in the petroleum industry. There are historically six industriai processes for the production of synthetic phenol, variously from benzene and toluene, some of which are also applicable to the cresols and the dihydric phenols. 

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