Surfactants application field

Lajoie, C. A., Layton, A. C. Sayler, G. S. (1994). Cometabolic oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil with a surfactant-based field application vector. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 2826-33. 

The modern assortment of commercial surfactants allows to regulate very effectively the nature of a solid surface. This is important practically for all fields of surfactants application, especially in washing and flotation processes, oil recovery, preparation of filled polymers and... 

Surfactants constitute some of the most important (in terms of function, not quantity) ingredients in cosmetic and toiletry products, foods, coatings, pharmaceuticals, and many other systems of wide economic and technological importance. In many, if not most, of those applications, polymeric materials, either natural or synthetic, are present in the final product formulations or are present in the targets for their use. Other surfactant applications, especially in the medical and biological fields, also potentially involve the interaction of polymers (including proteins, nucleosides, etc.) with surfactant system. 

At present, a number of analytical applications have emerged in separation science regarding the use of IL-based surfactant, not only as solubilization media for proteins [41], but in analytical techniques (such as chromatographic or electrophoretic methods), and also in sample preparation schemes. Given their different performances, it is important to study each application field in an independent way. 

IL-based surfactants have also fonnd a large application field in sample preparation, apart from their intense uses in the previously mentioned analytical techniques. In sample preparation, IL-based snrfactants are mainly used as extracting solvents, acting as adeqnate substitutes for toxic organic solvents. 

Sanchez J, Beltran A, Alonso J, Jimenez C, del Valle M (2000) Development of a new ion-selective field-effect transistor sensor for anionic surfactants application to potentiometric titrations. Anal Chim Acta 382 157-164... 

Oil field uses are primarily imidazolines for surfactant and corrosion inhibition (see Petroleum). Besides the lubrication market for metal salts, the miscellaneous market is comprised of free acids used ia concrete additives, motor oil lubricants, and asphalt-paving applications (47) (see Asphalt Lubrication AND lubricants). Naphthenic acid has also been studied ia ore flotation for recovery of rare-earth metals (48) (see Flotation Lanthanides). 

Polyester chemistry is the same as studied by Carothers long ago, but polyester synthesis is still a very active field. New polymers have been very recently or will be soon commercially introduced PTT for fiber applications poly(ethylene naph-thalate) (PEN) for packaging and fiber applications and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biopolymer synthesized from renewable resources (corn syrup) introduced by Dow-Cargill for large-scale applications in textile industry and solid-state molding resins. Polyesters with unusual hyperbranched architecture also recently appeared and are claimed to find applications as crosstinkers, surfactants, or processing additives. 

The use of AOS and other surfactants as steam-foaming agents has been studied by several oil companies in laboratories and in the field [55-62]. In the next section we will view olefinsulfonate structure-property relations [40] that have helped design optimum surfactants for enhanced oil recovery applications. 

Phosphorus-containing surfactants often possess particular properties by themselves or in combination with other types of surfactants. They are therefore proposed for fields of application which can only be covered by other surfactants with difficulty. Their wide variety enables them to become tailored for different requirements. Further possibilities can be developed in conjunction with other surfactants. Their solubility in saline solution extends their field of application beyond the limits for common surfactants. 

The catalytic applications of Moiseev s giant cationic palladium clusters have extensively been reviewed by Finke et al. [167], In a recent review chapter we have outlined the potential of surfactant-stabilized nanocolloids in the different fields of catalysis [53]. Our three-step precursor concept for the manufacture of heterogeneous egg-shell - nanocatalysts catalysts based on surfactant-stabilized organosols or hydrosols was developed in the 1990s [173-177] and has been fully elaborated in recent time as a standard procedure for the manufacture of egg-shell - nanometal catalysts, namely for the preparation of high-performance fuel cell catalysts. For details consult the following Refs. [53,181,387]. 

Carbon black may serve as a low-cost additive for controlling the gas migration in cement slurries [303]. It is intended as a suitable substitute for polymer latex and silica fume and has been tested in field applications [304,1256]. The concentration of carbon black varies from 2 to 20 parts, based on the weight of the dry cement [1220]. The particle size varies from 10 to 200 nm. A surfactant is necessary for dispersion, for example, formaldehyde-condensed naphthalene sulfonate or sulfonated cumarone or indene resins. 

Recent research and field tests have focused on the use of relatively low concentrations or volumes of chemicals as additives to other oil recovery processes. Of particular interest is the use of surfactants as CO (184) and steam mobility control agents (foam). Also combinations of older EOR processes such as surfactant enhanced alkaline flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding have been the subjects of recent interest. Older technologies polymer flooding (185,186) and micellar flooding (187-189) have been the subject of recent reviews. In 1988 84 commercial products polymers, surfactants, and other additives, were listed as being marketed by 19 companies for various enhanced oil recovery applications (190). 

Capillary gel electrophoresis is becoming very widely used in the biotechnology field for the high resolution separation of DNA and peptides according to molecular weight, but it has limited application for the analysis of surfactants (Wallingford, 1996). CGE does result in an increase in the resolution per unit time over SEC for charged polymers (Poli and Schure,1992). 

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