Biological field

In the biological field, much attention has been directed toward the transport phenomena through membrane. Although the function of some natural ionophores has been known, the investigation of active and selective transport of ions using the artificial ionophores in the simple model systems may be important to simulate the biological systems and clarify the transport behaviour of natural membranes. 

The next two chapters concern nanostructured core particles. Chapter 13 provides examples of nano-fabrication of cored colloidal particles and hollow capsules. These systems and the synthetic methods used to prepare them are exceptionally adaptable for applications in physical and biological fields. Chapter 14, discusses reversed micelles from the theoretical viewpoint, as well as their use as nano-hosts for solvents and drugs and as carriers and reactors. 

As an example of suspected endocrine disruptors (EDs), studies of the estrogenic action of bisphenol A (BPA) have been in progress in medical, physiological, and biological fields. In this situation, physicochemical approaches are required to get the structural information of BPA trapped in biomembranes. Most recently, we have determined the site and the orientation of BPA trapped in phospholipid vesicles by NMR, using the HCS rule [47]. In particular, we have succeeded in monitoring the NMR spectral changes of phospholipid vesicles, which are induced by the BPA delivery. 

RFJ McCandless, EA Skweir, M Gordon. Secondary journals in chemical and biological fields. J Chem Doc... 

The starting point of this article is the discovery by Rosenberg and his collaborators of the activity of certain platinum compounds as antitumour agents (7). Here we wish to introduce the chemistry of these agents, which will be relatively familiar to inorganic chemists, but not to chemists and biochemists of other disciplines. At the same time we wish the inorganic chemist to see the relevance of the chemistry to biological fields. 

A. Poghossian and M.J. Schoning, Silicon-based chemical and biological field-effect sensors, in Encyclopedia of Sensors (C.A. Grimes, E.C. Dickey, and M.V. Pishko, eds), Vol. 9, pp. 463-533. American Scientific Publisher, Stevenson Ranch, 2006. 

However, we have to solve two problems to use DNA as fimctional materials the amount of purified DNA available and the solubihty of DNA. In the molecular biology field, DNA is treated usually on the mug scale and we need DNA at the 100 g or 1 kg scale for use as materials. As a second problem, DNA is soluble only in an aqueous solution and DNA should be modified to be soluble in organic solvents or to melt under moderate heating in order to form a film or fiber for use as materials. 

In the last two decades, studies on the kinetics of electron transfer (ET) processes have made considerable progress in many chemical and biological fields. Of special interest to us is that the dynamical properties of solvents have remarkable influences on the ET processes that occur either heterogeneously at the electrode or homogeneously in the solution. The theoretical and experimental details of the dynamical solvent effects on ET processes have been reviewed in the literature [6], The following is an outline of the important role of dynamical solvent properties in ET processes. 

LTF uses laboratory sublethal toxicity data and biological field observations ranked on the same scale to examine the strength of their relationship. The LTF rating scheme can use all endpoints determined for biota (fish and invertebrates) in field observations, and allows for the addition of further endpoints and indices as they are developed. LTF has the potential of linking a specific effluent source to a measured field effect in indigenous organisms. 

Toxicity tests, which are used to generate the SED-TOX index, cannot substitute for chemical measurements or for surveys of benthic communities. On the contrary, the strength of toxicity tests, and hence the SED-TOX index, are best realized in conjunction with chemical and biological field measurements. These three approaches form a natural triad in which each component enhances the power of the others (Sergy, 1987). 

Eisner T. (1982) For love of nature exploration and discovery at biological field stations. BioScience 32, 321-326. 

As well as being the causative organisms of a number of major human and animal diseases (e.g. cysticercosis, hydatidosis), cestodes serve as elegant experimental models for the study of fundamental biological phenomena. These include not only problems of specific parasitological interest, such as host-specificity, but also more basic problems such as enzyme dynamics, membrane transport and cell and tissue differentiation (especially asexual/sexual differentiation), common to many other biological fields. 

The azo-group capabilities to change their configuration under UV-VIS irradiation induce the possibility of the polymer conformational photo-control, with potential application in optoelectronics or biology fields. One of the consequences of the... 

Several isotopes (see Isotopes Isotope Labeling) of Cd are known, and 8 are stable (Table 3). For " Cd and " Cd, the nnclear spin is 1/2 and they are used for NMR studies of Cd compounds and in biological fields (see Cadmium Organometallic Chemistry). " Cd is used in the nuclear industry because of its high neutron cross section. Unstable isotopes are prepared from nuclear reactions. Cd stable isotope composition in geological and meteorite samples has been investigated using multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ... 

Application of this standard leads to a transformed Su-Field model with a new substance S2, which was modified on the micro-level using nano technology polymers. The zip-off top provides several new actions—among them, liquid/particle containment and retardation of perspiration odor and fungi when it interacts with the biological field. 

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